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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Can some traits be controlled by a single gene? |
Yes |
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What is heredity? |
Passing of characteristics from parent to offspring through their genes |
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Most human characteristics are controlled by? |
Multiple genes |
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Who is the father of modern genetics? |
Gregor Mendel |
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What does it mean if someone is homozygous |
They’ve inherited the same two alleles for a particular gene |
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What does it mean if someone is heterozygous |
They’ve inherited a different allele from each parent for the same gene |
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How many alleles are in a gamete? |
Only one |
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What are alternative versions of genes called? |
Alleles |
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Where are genes found? |
On the chromosomes |
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What did Gregor Mendel conduct his most successful experiments on? |
Pea plants |
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What unsuccessful specimens did Gregor Mendel attempt to perform his experiments on? |
Bees and mice |
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What were the three features of Mendel’s research which made it particularly successful? |
He selected a good organism, with good traits, that was true breeding |
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What does true breeding mean? |
A true breeding organism will always produce offspring that has the same trait |
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Each parent passes on what for building a Gene? |
A single set of instructions |
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If each parent provides one copy of instructions, the offspring receives? |
Two copies of instructions for any trait |
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Genotype |
All of the genes an individual carries |
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Phenotype |
Outward appearance of an individual |
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What is a pedigree? |
A type of family tree that can answer questions of genetics |
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What does it mean if two alleles are codominant? |
Both alleles are visible in the phenotype |
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What does it mean if a trait is polygenic? |
It is influenced by many different genes |
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Additive effects are? |
When the effects of the alleles of multiple genes all contribute to the overall phenotype |
Like if horizontal and vertical stripes could mate and produce a plaid offspring |
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What is pleitopy? |
When one gene influences multiple traits |
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What are autosomes? |
Non sex chromosomes |
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Which gender exhibits sex linked recessive traits more frequently? |
Males |
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Men inherit baldness from? |
Their mothers, because that trait is on the X chromosome |
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Genes act? |
Independent of one another |
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What does it mean if someone is Dihybrid? |
They are heterozygous for both traits observed and expressing each trait dominantly |
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How many genes are there in our genome? |
21,000 |
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What are linked genes? |
Genes that are close together or share a chromosome. Having one trait influences the presence of another. |
Freckles and red hair are an example |
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The earliest sign of intentional selective breeding was done in? |
Agriculture |
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Describe a pedigree |
A diagram of genetic ancestry or a family tree about the characteristics those in a specific family had or have |
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On average you share about what percent of your DNA with your siblings? |
50% |
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How can you find the genotype of an organism exhibiting a dominant trait? |
Breed the unknown genotype individual with an individual that is homozygous recessive. If any of the offspring show the recessive trait, the original unknown is heterozygous. |
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What does incomplete dominance mean? |
Neither trait is dominant over the other. A heterozygous individual will have an intermediate phenotype |
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What does co-dominant mean? |
A heterozygous individual will have both characeristics |
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What does multiple allelism mean? |
These traits are controlled by more than 2 different alleles |
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What is a polygenic trait |
A trait controlled by multiple alleles |
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What does population mean? |
A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic region |
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Which two scientists are credited for the first description of evolution by natural selection? |
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. |
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When does evolution occur? |
When the allele frequencies in a population change |
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Do individuals evolve? |
No, only populations evolve |
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What is a mutation? |
An altering of base pair sequences in an individuals DNA |
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What is the ultimate source of genetic variation in a population? |
Mutation |
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What is the raw material for natural selection? |
Variation |
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What is genetic drift? |
A random change in allele frequencies in a population |
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What is fixation? |
When an alleles frequency in a population reaches 100% |
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What are the 3 conditions necessary for natural selection to occur? |
Variation for the trait. That trait must be inheritable, and one version of that trait must out produce the other |
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Reproductive success is not influenced by? |
Genetic drift |
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What is natural selection for mating success called? |
Sexual selection |
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What is fitness? |
A measure of reproductive success as compared to other members of the same species with a different phenotype |
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What are the three important elements to fitness? |
Measured relative to other genotypes and phenotypes, depends on specific environment, and depends on reproductive success |
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Why does natural selection not lead to perfection? |
Because genetic drift has no bearing on an organisms fitness and is entirely by chance. Also, the environment is always changing so the target for perfection is always moving |
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What is radiometric dating? |
Finding the age of a rock in which a fossil is found |
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What is biogeography? |
The study of he distribution patterns of living organisms around the world |
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What are vestigial structures |
Evolutionary “left overs”. Things that were once important to ancestors, but no longer serve any purpose |
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What are vestigial structures |
Evolutionary “left overs”. Things that were once important to ancestors, but no longer serve any purpose |
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What is convergent evolution? |
Modifying different starting materials until they serve similar purposes |
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What is the Founders effect? |
When a small group leaves a population and begins a new population. This new population will inherit the genome from the small group and have new genetic makeup than the old group |
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What is the bottleneck effect? |
When a population is subject to disaster and quickly reduced. The remaining group may have different allele frequencies than the original group. |
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What is a side effect of the bottleneck effect? |
Very little genetic diversity in the remaining population |
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Why is variety important? |
For surviving environmental change |
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What is migration? |
The movement of some individuals from one population to another |
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What does migration introduce? |
New genes to the gene pool |
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What is adaption? |
The process by which populations become better matched to their environment. |
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Can an individual go through biological adaption? |
No, only a population will adapt |
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Survival of the...? |
Good enough |
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What is directional selection? |
Selection for extreme phenotypes |
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What is stabilizing selection? |
Selecting for an intermediate phenotype |
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What is disruptive selection? |
Selection for both extremes or against intermediate phenotypes |
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Which sex produces larger gametes? |
Females |
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The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding and care of an offspring is called? |
Reproductive investment |
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Which sex is more discriminating about mating? |
The sec with the greater energetic investment in reproduction |
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What are the two types of polygamy? |
Polygyny and polyandry |
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What are the two types of polygamy? |
Polygyny and polyandry |
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What is it called when sexes of a species differ in size or appearance? |
Sexual dimorphism |
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What is genetic drift? |
Changes in a population that happen for no reason |
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What is the optimal foraging theory? |
Expending the least amount of energy in finding food |
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What are the 4 general rules for selecting a mate? |
1. Mate only after subjecting a male to a courtship ritual 2. Mate only with a male who controls valuable resources 3. Mate only with a male who contributes a large parental investment up front 4. Mate only with a male who has a valuable physical attribute |
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What are the three types of communication? |
Chemical, acoustical, and visual |
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A fixed action pattern is triggered by a ________ |
Sign stimulus |
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What is prepared learning? |
An ability to learn a trait quickly across a species |
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What does a brood parasite do? |
Steals resources by planting imposter in another nest |
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What is kin selection? |
Kindness to close relatives |
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What is kin selection? |
Kindness to close relatives |
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What is reciprocal altruism? |
Helping someone with a reasonable expectation that they will later help you |
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What are the conditions of reciprocal altruism? |
Repeated interactions, benefits to the recipient that are significantly greater than the cost of the donor, and the ability to recognize and punish cheaters |
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What is a maladaptive behavior? |
When the environment changes so quickly that behaviors which previously increased fitness now decrease fitness |
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What is reproductive output? |
The number of offspring an individual can produce |
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Give an example of a courtship ritual? |
Sand hill cranes and birds of paradise both dance in courtship rituals |
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Give an example of a courtship ritual? |
Sand hill cranes and birds of paradise both dance in courtship rituals |
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Give an example of a mate controlling valuable resources? |
The screaming marmot claims land |
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Give an example of a courtship ritual? |
Sand hill cranes and birds of paradise both dance in courtship rituals |
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Give an example of a mate controlling valuable resources? |
The screaming marmot claims land |
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Give an example of a mate with a valuable physical attribute |
Rams and elk both fight with their horns |
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Give an example of a courtship ritual? |
Sand hill cranes and birds of paradise both dance in courtship rituals |
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Give an example of a mate controlling valuable resources? |
The screaming marmot claims land |
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Give an example of a mate with a valuable physical attribute |
Rams and elk both fight with their horns |
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Give an example of a potential mate contributing a large parental investment up front |
The blue footed booby offers pieces for the nest during his mating ritual |
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What is polygny |
Males mating with multiple females |
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What is polyandry |
Females mate with multiple males |
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What is sexual dimorphism? |
When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance |
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