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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LARVA
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A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.
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METAMORPHOSIS
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The transformation of a larva into an adult.
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INVERTABRATE
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An animal that lacks a backbone
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VERTEBRATE
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A chordate animal with a backbone. Vertebrates include lampreys, chondricthyans, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fish, amphibans, reptiles (including birds), and mammals.
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BILATERAL SYMMETRY
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An arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudally through it. A bilaterally symmertrical organism has mirror-image right and left sides.
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RADIAL SYMMETRY
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An arrangement of the body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis. Any slice passing longitudinally through a radically symmetrical organism’s central axis divides it into mirror-image halves.
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COELOM
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A body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.
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PSEUDOCOELOM
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A body cavity that is in direct contach with the wall of the digestive tract.
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CEPHALIZATION
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The concentration of a nervous system at the anterior (head) end.
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2-ENDED GUT
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complete gut; has 2 openings; mouth and anus
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SAC-LIKE GUT
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1 opening; food enters and leaves through same opening
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SEGMENTATION
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Subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segements. allows greater flexibility and mobility.
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PORIFERA
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means “pore-bearer” in Latin.) Water is drawn through the pores into a central cavity, then flows out through a large opening. (sponges)
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PLATYHELMINTHES
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(from the Greek platys, flat, helmis, worm), are the simplest of the bilaterians.
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MOLLUSC
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A soft-bodied animal characterized by a muscflar foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula; includes gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), and cephalopods (squids and octopuses).
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ANTHROPODA
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a large division of articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes insects, arachnida, Pychnogonida, and crustacea.
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CNIDARIA
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An animal characterized by cnidocytes, radical symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and a polyp and medusa. Cnidarians include the hydras, jellyfishes, sea aneomones, corals, and related animals.
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NEMATODA
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A roundworm, characterized by a pseudocoelom, a cylindrical, wormlike body form, and a tough cuticle.
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ANNELIDA
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A segmented body resembling a series of fused rings is the hallmark of phylum Annelida (from the Latin annelus, ring).
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ECHINODERMATA
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REFERS TO PRICKLY BUMPS OR SPINES OF SEA STAR OR SEA URCHIN. Member of a phylum of slow-moving or sessile marine animals characterized by a rough or spiny skin, a water vascular system. An endoskeleton, and radical summetry in adults. Echinoderms including sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars.
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CHOANOCYTE
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: A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell’ it has a collar-like ring that traps food paticles around the base of flageillum.
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AMOEBOCYTE
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An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most aminals; depending on the species, may digest and distrubute food, dispose of wase, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types.
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CNIDOCYTE
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A specilalized cell for which the phylum cnidaria is named, consists of a capsuke containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture.
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NEMATOCYST
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see cnidocyte
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POLYP
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One of two types of cnidarian body forms; a columnar, hydra-like body.
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MEDUSA
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One of two types of cnidarian body forms; an umbrella-like body form.
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FREE-LIVING FLATWORM
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One of a group of nonparsatic flatworms
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FLUKE
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One of a group of parasitic flatworms.
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TAPEWORM
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A parasitic flatworm characterized by the absensce of a digestive tract.
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TRICHINOSIS
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Disease in a wide variety of mammals, including humans. People usually aquire the worms by eating undercooked pork or wild game containing the juvenile worms. Cooking until it is no long pink kills the works.
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FOOT
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In an inverterbrate animal, a structure used for locomotion or attachment, such as the muscular organ extending from the ventral side of a mollusc.
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MANTLE
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In a mollusk, the outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal. The mantle prodices the shell and forms the mantle cavity.
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RADULA
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A toothed, rasping organ used to scrape up or shred food; found in many molluscs.
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GASTROPOD
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A member of the largest group of mollusks, including snails and slugs.
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BIVALVES
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A member of a group of mollusks that include clams, mussles, scallops, and oysters. they have shells divided into 2 halves that are hinged together.
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EARTHWORM
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a typical annelid, nervous system includes a simple brain and a ventral nerve cord with a cluster of nerve cells in each segement, are hermaphrodites; that is, they have both male and female reproductive structures.
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POLYCHAETES
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A member of the largest group of annelids. mostly marine. most live in tubes and extend feathery appendages coated with mucus that trap suspended food particles.
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LEECH
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3rd main group of annelids, notorious for blood sucking habits.
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CROP
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A pouchlike organ in a digestive trach where food is softened and may be stored temporarily.
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GIZZARD
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A pouch-like organ in a digestive trach where food is mechanically ground.
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ENDOSKELETON
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A hard skeleton located within the soft tissues of an animal; includes spocules of sponges, the hard plates of echinoderms, and the cartilage and bony skeletons of vertebrates.
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HORSESHOE CRAB
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A bottom-dwelling marine chelicerate, a member of the phylum Arthropoda.
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ARACHNID
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A member of a major anthropod group (cnelicerates) that includes spiders, scorpoions, ticks, and mites.
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CRUSTACEAN
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A member of a major anthropod group that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.
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MILLIPEDE
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A terrestrial anthropod that has two pairs of short legs for leach if its numberous body segments and that eats decaying plant matter.
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CENTIPEDE
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A carnivorous terrestrial arthropod that has one pair of long legs for each of its numerous body segments, with the front pair modified as poison claws.
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TUBE FEET
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echinoderms unique water vascular system, network of water filled canals that branch into extensions. function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.
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AMNIOTE EGG
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A shelled egg in which an embryo develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk; prodiced by reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals, it emables them to complete their life cycles on dry land.
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NOTOCHORD
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A flexible, cartlitige-like, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in the embryos in many species.
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MYOTOMES
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blocks of muscle flanking the spine
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TUNICATES
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One of a group of invertebrate chordates, also known as sea squirts. are stationary, look ike small sacs. adhere to rocks and boats, common in coral reefs. adult has no notochord,nerve cord or tail.
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LANCELETS
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One group of small, blade-like marine invertebrate chordates, feeds on suspended particles.
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"PETER PAN" THEORY
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a larva acquires adult gonads and becomes a new species.
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CHORDATA
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animals that at some point during their development have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Chordates include lancelets, tunicates, and verterbrates.
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AMPHIBIANS
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include frogs, toads, and salamanders.
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MAMMALS
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amniotes that process mammary glands and hair.
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AGNATHANS
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jawless invertebrates
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REPTILES
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Member of the clade of amniotes that includes stakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds, along with a number of extinct groups such as the dinosaurs.
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PRIMATES
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include the lemurs, tarsies, monkeys, and apes. Most living promates are still arboreal, and the primate body has a number of features that were shaped through natural selesction, by the demal of libing in trees.
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PLACODERMS
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characterized by bony plates of armor covering the head and flanks, hinged jaws, and paired fins
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ARCHAEOPTERYX
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Most primative bird, based on a 150 million-year-old fossil. it was more like a small bipedal dinosaur of its era, with its teeth, wing claws, and tail with many vertebrae.
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LOBE-FINNED FISH
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A bony fish with strong, muscular fins supported by bones
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JAWS
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enabled then to catch and eat a wide variety of prey. evolved by modification of skeletal supports of the gill slits. 2 pairs of skeletal rods near the mouth formed them.
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TEETH
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evolved from modified pointed scales on the mouth margins (lips)
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ARMS/LEGS
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evolved from fish with necks and 4 limbs that raised their heads out of water to breath oxygen from the air. needed to get out of water.
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LUNGS
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An infolded respiratory surface of terrestrial verebrates that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
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SWIM BLADDER
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evolved from balloon like lungs, which the ancestral fishes may have used in shallow water to supplement gas exchange by their gills. helps keep them buoyant.
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ENDOTHERMIC (=HOMEOTHERMIC)
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Referring to animals that use heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.
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ECTOTHERMIC
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Referring to the organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature.
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MONOTREMES
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An egg-laying mammal, such as the duck-billed platypus.
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MARSUPIALS
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A pouched mammal, such as a kangaroo, opossum, or a koala. _____ give birth to embryonic offspring that complete development while house in a pouch and attached to the nipples on the mother’s abdomen.
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PLACENTALS
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Mammal whose young complete their embryonic development in the uterus, nourished via the mother’s blood vessels in the placenta; also called a eutherian.
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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A sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs, body cavities, and external surfaces, also called epithelium.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Tissue consisting of a sparse population of cells held in an abundant extracellular matrix, which they produce.
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MUSCLE TISSUE
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Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses; the most abundant tissue in a typical mammal.
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells.
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SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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Epithelium tissue cells that line the air sacs of the lungs. thin and leaky, suitable for exchanging materials by diffusion.
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CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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Epithelium tissue cells the form a tube in the kidney. also found in thyroid and salivary glands.
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COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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Epithelium tissue cells that lines the intestines. secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients.
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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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under the skin, most widespread tissue in body, fibers consist of ropelike protein collagen. serves to bind epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place.
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FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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densely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers to maximize strength. forms tendons which attach muscle to bone and ligaments which connect your bones at joints.
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ADIPOSE TISSUE
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stores fat in large, closely packed _____ cells held in a matrix of fibers. pads and insulates body and stores energy.
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CARTILAGE
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forms strong but flexible skeletal material, surrounds ends of bones, supports ears and nose and cushions disk between vertebraes.
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CARTILAGINOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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A flexible connective tissue consistiong of living cells and collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix.
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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attached to your bones by tendons, responsible for voluntary movements like walking or bouncing a ball. have a striped, or straited appearance.
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CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
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Forms contractile tissue of your heart. straited muscle. its under involuntary control, means you cannot conciously control its contraction. fibers are branched, interconnecting at specialized junctions that relay signal to contract cell to cell during heartbeat.
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SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
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lack of striations, found in alls of digestive tract, arteries, and other internal organs. responsible for involuntary body activities like movement of food through intestines, spindle shaped, contract slower than skeletal muscles but can sustain contractions for longer.
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DIFFUSION FLOW
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The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.
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BULK FLOW
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It is the movement, by pressure, of proteins between cellular compartments.
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BULK FEEDERS
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An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food.
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INTERFACE
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huge areas where materials or info is input/output
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INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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in circulatory system, to get from the blood to body cells, or vice versa, materials must pass through _______.
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HOMEOSTASIS FEEDBACK
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A master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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A common control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produces them.
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SENSORY NEURON
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A nerve cells that receives information from sensory receptors and conveys signals into the central nervous system.
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SENSORY RECEPTORS
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A specialized cell or neuron that detects stimuli and sends information to the central nervous system.
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EFFECTOR
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A cell capable of carrying out some action in response to a command from the nervous system.
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GILLS
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An extension of the body surface of an aquatic animal, specialized for gas exchange and/or suspension feeding.
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LUNGS
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An infolded respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
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TRACHEAE
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The windpipe; the portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.
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COUNTERCURRENT FLOW
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The transfer of a substanace or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions.
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OPERCULUM
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A protective flap on each side of a fish’s head that covers a chamber housing the gills.
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SPIRACLE
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blow hole on top of whale ect.
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SPIROCHETE
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A member of a group of helical bacterial that spioral though the environment by means of rotating, internal filaments.
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LARYNX
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The voice box, containing the vocal cords.
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BRONCHI
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One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
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ALVEOLI
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One of millions of tiny dead-end sacs within the mammalian lungs where gas exchange occours.
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PHARYNX
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The organ in a digestive tract that receives food from the oral cavity; in terrestrial vertebrates, the throat region where the hair and food passages cross.
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TRACHEAL SYSTEM
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A system of branched, air-filled tubes in insects that extend throughout the body and carry oxygen directly to cells.
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BRONCHIOLES
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A thing breathing tube that branches from a bronchus within a lung.
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DIAPHRAM
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The sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals. Its contraction expands the chest cavity, and its relazation reduces it.
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MEDULLA
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Part if the vertebrate hindbrain continuos with the spinal cord; passes data between the spinal cord and forebrain and controls autonomic, homeostatic functions, including breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and digestion.
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HEMOGLOBIN
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iron containing pigment, consists of 4 polypeptide chains of 2 different types, transports CO2 and assists in buffering blood.
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ARTERY
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A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body.
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ARTERIOLE
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A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
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CAPILLARY
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A microscopic blood vessel that conveys blood between and arteriole and a venule; enables the exchange of nutrients and dissolved gases between the blood and intertitistal fluid.
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VENULE
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A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
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VEIN
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In animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart.
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PULMONARY CIRCULATION
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One of the two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates; conveys blood between the heart and the lungs.
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SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
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One of the two main blood circuts in terrestrial vertebrates; conveys blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
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FISH
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Has 2 heart chambers and 1 circulatory loop
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AMPHIBIA
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Has 3 heart chambers and 2 circulatory loops
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REPTILES
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has 3 heart chambers +partial septum and 2 circulatory loops
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BIRDS AND MAMMALS
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Has 4 heart chambers and 2 circulatory loops
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ATRIUM
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A heart chamber that receives blood from the veins.
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VENTRICLE
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(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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AORTA
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An artery that conveys blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart to other arteries.
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SYSTOLE
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The contraction stage of the heart cycle, when the heart chambers actively pump blood.
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DIASTOLE
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The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relazed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
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SINOATRIAL
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The pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium, that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.
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ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE
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A region of specialized heart muscle tissue between the left and right atrium where electric impulses are delayed for about 0.1 second before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract.
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HYPERTENSION
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high blood pressure, is systolic higher than 140 mm hg and diastolic higher than 90 mm hg, "silent killer"
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ANEMIA
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A condition in which an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells results in the body cells receiving too little oxygen.
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BLOOD
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A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
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PLASMA
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The liquid matrix of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended.
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ERYTHROCYTES
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A blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports O2. Also called red blood cell.
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LEUKOCYTES
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A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells. Also called white blood cells.
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PLATELETS
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A pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a bone marrow cell; platelets circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting.
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ERYTHROPOEITIN
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stimulates production of erythrocytes. secreted by kidney
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SEROTONIN
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causes blood vessel walls to contract
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FIBRINOGEN
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The plasma protein that is activacted to form a clot when a blood vessel is injured.
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FIBRIN
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The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threats that form the fabric of a blood clot.
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VACCINATION
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immunization
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ACTIVE IMMUNITY
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Immunity conferred by recovering from an infectious disease or by receiving a vaccine.
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PASSIVE IMMUNITY
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Temporary immunity obtained by acquiring ready-made antibodies; lasts only a few weeks or months because the immune system has nit been stimulated by antigens.
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BONE MARROW
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The soft, spongy tissue found in the centre of most large bones that produces the cellular components of blood.
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SPLEEN
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An organ that produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells and destroys those that are aging.
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THYMUS GLAND
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An endocrine gland in the neck region of mammals that is active in establishing the immune system; secretes several hormones that promote the development of T cells.
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LYMPH NODES
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A colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, that circulates in the lymphatic system.
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LYMPHATIC VESSELS
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The vertebrate organ system through which lymph circulates; including lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and the spleen. The lymphatic system helps remove toxins and pathogens from the blood and interstitial fluid and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to the circulatory system.
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ANTIBODY (IMMUNOGLOBULIN)
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A protein dissolved in blood plasma that attaches to a specific kind of antigen and helps counter its effects.
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ANTIGEN
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A foreign (nonself) molecule that elicits an acquired immune response.
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V, J, D, & C
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alleles that are combinatorially shuffled to make variable parts of antibodies.
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HUMORAL RESPONSE
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The type of specific immunity brought about by antibody-producing B cells; fights bacteria and viruses in body fluid.
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CELL-MEDITATED RESPONSE
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the type of specific immunity brought at by T cells; fights body cells infected with pathogens.
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B LYMPHOCYTE
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: A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies; responsible for the humoral immune response.
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T LYMPHOCYTE
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A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response; also involved in humoral immunity.
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PLASMA CELL
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An antibody-secreting B cell.
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MEMORY CELL
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A clone of long-lived lymphocytes formed uring the primary immune response; remains in a lymph node until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. When activated, a memory cells forms a large clone that mounts the secondary immune response.
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MACROPHAGE CELL
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: A large, amoeboid, phagocytic white blood cell that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell.
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CYTOTOXIC
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A type of lymphocyte that attacks body cells infected with pathogens.
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HELPER
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A type of lymphocyte that helps activate other types of T cells and may help stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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The organ system that transports materals such as nutrients, O2, and hormones to body cells and transports CO2 and other wastes from body cells.
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COMPLEMENT
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A family of innate defensive blood proteins that cooperate with other components of the vertebrate defense system to protect against microbes; can enhance phagocytosis, directly lyse pathogens, and amplify the inflammatory response.
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AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
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An immunological disorder in which tie immune system attacks the body’s own molecules.
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