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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the key to an enzymes specificity?
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Its shape
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What is the active site and where is it located?
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location on enzyme where the substrate binds- located on enzyme
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How many substrates can bind to an enzyme?
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1 substrate to 1 enzyme
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When an enzyme binds to a substrate what does this do?
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it stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur
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what are the two theories about the bindeing of a substrate to an enzyme?
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Lock and key theory and Induced fit theory
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What is inhiition?
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A type of feedback( which is an attempt to form homeostasis
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In what types of inhaibition do reactions not occur?
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competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
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what is the optimal temp of most enzymes?
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between 35-40 degrees
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tempereature wise when do most enzymes tend to denature?
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50 degrees
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If some of the bonds on the enzyme break and you manage to quickly get the temp back to a normal state what can happen?
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the enzymes can repair itself but if you let it go on for to long the damage is already done
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why is the optimal temp for an enzyme the optimal temp?
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Becasue it is parrallel to that of human body temp.
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What ph do enzymes perfer?
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ph of 6-8
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What is the exception to optimal ph for enzymes?
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Pepsin in the stomach has a ph of 2
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what can denature enzymes?
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change in solinity( salt), different chemicals and radiation
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What happens to enzymes in low temperatures?
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enzymes in low temps become inactive but dont denature
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What happens to enzymes in the high temperatures?
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enzymes denature
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What is effect of enyme concentration in enzmatic reactions?
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more enzyme to be exposed to substrate increases rate of reaction profoundly
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what is the substrate concentration on enzmatic reaction?
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you can add substrates you want but ht enzymes will not increase.the enzyme is not saturated by substrates .this affects reaction becasue it levels off . however doesnt stop.
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what do cofactors and coenzymes do to enzymes?
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the help the efficiency
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What do cofactors?
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inorganic non proteins essential for enzyme activity
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what are examples of cofactors?
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potassium and calcium ions
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Where especially do we see cofactors?
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in blood clotting of pathways and vessels
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what is a coenzyme?
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organic non protein that binds to an enzyme
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What is an example of a coenzyme and where is it found?
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co Q10 whic is found in a lot of facial products it is thought to reduce wrinkles
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what are oxido reductases?
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enzym es that reduce and oxidize in redox reactions
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What are transferases?
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transfer functional groups
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What are hydrolases?
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play a role in hydrolysis
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what are lyases?
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clean/ break apart... but not through the process of hydrolysis or through transferases
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what are lygases?
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Joining 2 molecules with covalent bonds
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what are isomerases?
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Make isomers, isomerization
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What are f biochemical reactions ?
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where the product of 1 reaction becomes the reactant in the next reaction.
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What is the rate limiting reaction?
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Idea that if you dont create enough of a particular product the reaction will stop
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what step is usually the rate limiting reaction?
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the first
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What is the point of cellular respiration?
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producing atp
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there are two ways of cellular respiration?
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Aerobic and anarobic
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What does glycolysis break down and what does this create?
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breaks down glucose( which is 6 carbons) and makes 3 carbons and 2 pyruvic acid molecules
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what is the main goal of glycolysis?
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to produce pyruvic acid to enter the krebs cycle
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how many atp does glycolysis make?
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4
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What is the net production of ATP in glycolysis?
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2
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How many ATP is made in Krebs Cycle?
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2
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How many ATP does the electron transport chain make?
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34
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What does the Krebs cycle do?
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makes energy in the form of electrons which then goes on to the etc
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After glycolysis if ther areno in anearobic what happens?
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pyruvate comes in without oxygen to be fermented which produces lactic acid
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What type of reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones?
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catabolic
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Two amino acids are joined together in a _________reaction to make a protein
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anabolic, dehydration synthis
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what do coenzymes bind to ?
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control site of enzyme
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Competive inhibitors bind where on an enyme?
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active site
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Noncompetitve inhibitors bind where on an enzyme?
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near the active site
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Where does glycolysis occur and what type of process is it?
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cytoplasm and is aerobic process
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If sufficent oxygen isnt present after glycolysis , where does the pyruvate go?
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fermentation
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What is an example of fermentation?
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Lactic acid in the muscles
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Where is oxygen directly involved in cellular respiration?
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ETC
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What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration?
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oxygen
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Acetyl coA and oxaloacetic acid join to make what?
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citric acid
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What are waste products of cellular respiration?
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water and co2
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In glycolysis which step is the rate limiting reaction?
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3rd
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what disease would someone with pfk-1 have?
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torys
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How many steps does glycolysis have?
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10 steps
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What does glycolysis do?
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It converts each molecule of glucose to 2 molecule of pyruvic acid
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What is NADH?
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nicotine adenin dinuleotide which is a co-enzyme as a carrier for h ions
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what is pyruvic acid made of?
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acetic acid +co2+ NADh
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The krebs cycle is also known as ?
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citric acid of tri carbolyic acid cycle
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what type of proccess is the krebs cycle?
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aerobic_ only with o2
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What is the net yield of Nadh and fadh in the krebs cycle?
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6 nadh and 2 fadh
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in what stage of cellular respiration is the oxidation of glucose to co2 completed?
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krebs cycle
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What does the electorn transport chain consist of?
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series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane
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How many H20 are formed in the Electron transport system?
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6
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When is the transition step and what happens there?
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after glycolysis and it converts pyruvate to cocetyl a
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For fermentation to happen what needs to happen first?
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glycolysis
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What is the diff between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?
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alcoholic fermentation doesnt occur in the body and produces co2
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what makes atp?
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oxidation of glucose
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what happens if you cant make pyruvate?
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u cant continue with cellular respiration
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what should people with tory not eat and eat?
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low carb diet and they should eat unsaturated fats and proteins
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what starts process of oxidation?
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glycolysis
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Where does fermentation occur?
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muscle tissue
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does fermentation produce atp?
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NOOOOOO!!!
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What happens after in fermentation nadh is oxidized?
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it can go back to the glycolysis where it gets reduced
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