Biology - Circulatory And Respiratory System

Front 1

What is the job of the respiratory system?

Back 1

The primary function is to obtain oxygen for use by body's cells and eliminate carbon dioxide that cells produce.

Front 2

Describe the path of air as it is inhaled into the human respiratory system.

Back 2

Air passes through the nasal cavity > pharynx, larynx > trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange)

Front 3

How does the diaphragm help during inhaling and exhaling?

Back 3

As a person inhales, the diaphragm contracts (moves down) and expands, allowing more air into the lungs. When a person exhales, the diaphragm relaxes (moves up) and contracts, forcing the air out of the lungs.

Front 4

The mucus in the nostrils performs two main jobs. What are those jobs and why are they necessary?

Back 4

The mucus collects dust, bacteria and other air-borne particles and it also moistens the air.

Front 5

What job does the epiglottis perform?

Back 5

It is a flap of cartilage that prevents food and fluid from entering the lungs when swallowing.

Front 6

What happens in the alveoli in the process of gas exchange?

Back 6

Oxygen dissolves across the moist surface the alveoli and diffuses into the respiratory pigment haemoglobin in red blood cells

Front 7

What are some of the substances released in cigarette smoke that are harmful to the respiratory system and explain the effect they have.

Back 7

Carbon monoxide which causes cardiovascular disease.

Tar which causes mouth, throat and lung cancer.

Nicotine which is the main source of addiction.

Front 8

What is passive Smoking?

Back 8

Breathing in second-hand smoke

Front 9

What are the effects of smoking?

Back 9

The chemicals in the smoke can cause damage to the lungs and the alveoli, meaning the gas exchange is not as efficient and not as much oxygen is going into the blood stream. Substances in the smoke, such as tar, can also cause blockages in the bronchioles which prevents oxygen getting into the alveoli and less oxygen being transported to the cells for cellular respiration and less energy being released, and therefore the person would feel fatigued/tired.

Front 10

What is the correct pathway of blood from the to the lungs and back?

Back 10

right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > left atrium

Front 11

What is the flow of oxygenated blood through the heart?

Back 11

Pulmonary vein > left atrium > Left ventricle > aorta

Front 12

How is air moved into and out of the lungs?

Back 12

The diaphragm and chest muscles work together to expand or decrease the size of the chest cavity.

Front 13

All veins in the body:

Back 13

carry blood to the heart

Front 14

Most exchange of materials between the cells and blood takes place in:

Back 14

Capillaries

Front 15

Most blood cells are made in....

Back 15

bone marrow

Front 16

Fluid that moves out of blood capillaries forms the tissue fluid that surrounds the cells. Which of the following statements is correct:

a) tissue fluid is formed from fluid that moves out of blood capillaries only by diffusion.

b) The presence of proteins in the blood in the capillaries causes water to move from tissue fluid back into the capillaries.

c) The main function of lymph vessels is to collect and remove urea from tissue fluid.

Back 16

b) The presence of proteins in the blood in the capillaries causes water to move from tissue fluid back into the capillaries.

Front 17

What is an incorrect statement about this diagram?

Back 17

The blood at A would have a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood at C.

Front 18

~Diagram of network of blood vessels~

It would be reasonable to conclude that....

Back 18

Glucose moves more readily out of the capillaries than out of the arteriole coming from the heart.

Front 19

Which one of the following is not a character of exchange surfaces?

a) moist

b) small surface area

c) thin walled

d) rich blood supply

Back 19

b) small surface area

Front 20

Which of these cells are dead at maturity?

a) Xylem vessels and sieve cells

b) Sieve cells and companion cells

c) Xylem vessels and tracheids

d) Tracheids and sieve cells

Back 20

c) Xylem vessels and tracheids

Front 21

Compared with pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins have....

Back 21

more oxygen in the blood

Front 22

Which heart chambers would be contracting when valve A is closed?

Back 22

Chamber 1 and 4

Front 23

What is the most direct pathway of an O2 molecule from the heart to a finger?

Back 23

left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > artery > finger capillary

Front 24

What blood cell contains a nucleus?

Back 24

white blood cells

Front 25

Name the process by which gas exchange occurs across the cell membranes of the alveoli.

Back 25

Diffusion

Front 26

Emphysema is an irreversible condition of the lungs often associated with prolonged, heavy tobacco use. It is characterised by a breakdown in the walls of alveoli so that alveoli fuse to form larger air sacs. How does this condition affect the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?

Back 26

This would decrease the amount of surface area available for gas exchange to occur across (1mark) and therefore there would be less oxygen transported around the body to the cells for cellular respiration, thus less energy and the person would feel fatigued (1 mark).

Front 27

Explain why most multicellular organisms need a transport system.

Back 27

Multicellular organisms are generally large and therefore in order to get nutrients to every cell of the organism, and wastes taken away, a transport system is required to cover those large distances in a quick and efficient manner (2 marks)

Front 28

Explain why the mammalian heart can be referred to as a 'double pump'.

Back 28

The oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in the heart is separated by the septum, therefore forming four chambers (atria and ventricles). When the heart pumps blood out to the body/lungs, both ventricles on either side pump blood at the same time (2 marks).

Front 29

Name the parts of the mammalian heart that are represented by pump A and pump B in the diagram.

Back 29

Pump A: Right atria and ventricle

Pump B: Left atria and ventricle

Front 30

The thickness of the muscular chamber walls of pumps A and B very significantly. In terms of how they perform, explain why this is so.

Back 30

The right side of the hearty has to pump the blood to the lungs which is only a short distance away from the heart (1 mark). The left side of the heart has to pump blood to the whole of the body, which is much longer distance. This is achieved by the left side of the heart having more muscular walls to much blood under higher pressure the distance around the body (1 mark).

Front 31

Name the blood vessels represented by O and P.

Back 31

O: pulmonary artery

P: pulmonary vein

Front 32

Outline the relative carbon dioxide concentrations in the pulmonary artery (O) and pulmonary vein (P).

Back 32

O: The pulmonary artery has a low concentration of oxygen as the blood has come from the body where the oxygen has been used by the cells for the process of cellular respiration, and a high concentration of carbon dioxide as the waste product of cellular respiration.

P: The pulmonary vein has a high concentration of oxygen as the blood has passed through the lungs which has oxygenated the blood as well as excreted the carbon dioxide, which has led to a low carbon dioxide content.

Front 33

Which of the blood vessels, M, N, O and P contain valves? Explain the role of these valves and why they are needed.

Back 33

M and P contain valves (vena cava and pulmonary vein)(1 mark). Valves stop the back flow of blood in the blood vessels (move it in one direction) due to gravity and low pressure (1 mark).

Front 34

In mammals gas exchange occurs in the lungs. Name four features that exchange surfaces have in common.

Back 34

Large surface area, moist, one cell thick walls and constant blood supply (1 mark).

Front 35

In mammals gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

Briefly explain how each of the features (Large surface area, moist, one cell thick walls and constant blood supply) is achieved in the lungs.

Back 35

Large surface area: the alveoli in the lungs increases the surface area of the lungs allowing for a greater area for gasses to be exchanged across.

Moist: The surface of the alveoli are moist so that the gases can dissolve into the moisture layer and become soluble to move into he blood stream. Also keep the cells alive.

One cell thick walls: Less distance for gases to travel to move in (oxygen) or out (carbon dioxide) of the blood stream.

Constant blood supply: Maintains the concentration gradient allowing oxygen to constantly diffuse into the blood, and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

Front 36

Table of differences between the transport of sucrose and water in plants.

Back 36

drtfjghv

Front 37

Table of blood vessels

Back 37

cfhkgvb,n

Front 38

What causes fluid to move out of the capillary at the arterial end?

Back 38

Higher pressure from the blood moving into a smaller blood vessel, and the diffusion gradient, caused fluid to move out of the capillary at the arteriole end (2 marks).

Front 39

State two features of the capillary which makes it a good exchange surface.

Back 39

surface area, moist and one cell thick walls

Front 40

The amount of fluid that moves into the tissues from the capillary at the arteriole end is greater than the amount of fluid that moves into the capillary from the tissues at the venue end. Name the system that drains excess fluid from the tissues.

Back 40

Lymphatic system (1 mark).

Front 41

The vessels that transport excess fluid from the tissues contain valves. State the function of these valves.

Back 41

To stop the flow of blood in the vein and keep the blood moving in one direction back towards the heart against the flow of gravity and under lower pressure (2 marks).

Front 42

Explain how gas is exchanged in plants/

Back 42

Gasses are exchanged through stomata (1 mark) located on the underside of the leaves (1 mark). The size of the stoma pore is determined by an influx of water into the guard cells either side of the pore (1 mark).

Front 43

Discuss two adaptations of the stomata to different environments.

Back 43

- In very hot environments the stomata only open early in the morning the widest, and fully or partially close during the day to conserve water.

- There are small hairs within the pits that help to condense any water that is evaporating so that it can be reabsorbed by the leaves.

Front 44

Describe how substances are transported through plants, including the vessel name, what it transports, in which direction, through which cells, and by which process.

Back 44

The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves (one direction)(1 mark) through dead hollow tracked cells by the process of transpiration (1 mark). The phloem transports sugars both up and down the stem (1 mark) through live sieve cells by the process of translocation (1 mark).

Front 45

Why is the human respiratory system important?

Back 45

Allows for the exchange gases between the internal and external environments (1 mark) where oxygen is diffused into the blood and carbon dioxide is diffused out (1 mark).

Front 46

Explain why it is important to breathe through your nose. The mucus and hairs in the nose filter the air (removing larger particles)( 1 mark), the blood capillaries warm the air closer to the body temperature (1 mark) and the mucus also moistens the air (1 mark).

Back 46

The mucus and hairs in the nose filter the air (removing larger particles)( 1 mark), the blood capillaries warm the air closer to the body temperature (1 mark) and the mucus also moistens the air (1 mark).

Front 47

What are the alveoli and what function do they perform?

Back 47

The alveoli are tiny air sacs that are in direct contact with capillaries so that oxygen can diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood (2 marks). There are millions of them to greatly increase the surface area of the lungs so that more gases can be exchanged at any one time (2 marks).

Front 48

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Back 48

To transport nutrients to the cells for functioning (e.g. glucose, amino acids, oxygen etc.)(1 mark) and to take away wastes (e.g. carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid)(1 mark).