Biology Chapter 8-9

Front 1

What is an enzyme?

Back 1

A type of protein that changes rate of chemical reactions

Hint 1

Chemical reactions

Front 2

What does an enzyme act on?

Back 2

Substrates

Hint 2

<

Front 3

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Back 3

Temperatures that are extremely high or low & the pH balance.

Hint 3

Degree

Front 4

What are the phases of the cell cyle?

Back 4

Interphase, mitosis, & cytokinesis

Hint 4

Three

Front 5

What controls the cell cycle?

Back 5

Proteins called cylcins attach to enzymes to activate control of the cell

Hint 5

Cyclins

Front 6

In which phase do the sister chromatids line up down the middle of the cell?

Back 6

Metaphase

Hint 6

Second phase

Front 7

What are sister chromatids? [Be able to draw an example]

Back 7

Sister chromatids are two pairs of chromatin joined by a centromere.

Hint 7

Pair

Front 8

What structure holds sister chromatids together?

Back 8

Centromere

Hint 8

Center

Front 9

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle & what happends during this phase?

Back 9

The longest phase of the cell cycle is interphase, when the cell has rapid growth & DNA synthesis.

Hint 9

Rapid growth

Front 10

What occurs during prophase?

Back 10

Chromatin begin to coil up

Hint 10

Coil

Front 11

What is cytokinesis?

Back 11

Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm divides after mitosis to complete the cell division process.

Hint 11

Division

Front 12

What limits cell growth?

Back 12

As the volume of a cell grows more rapidly than the surface area, therefore a large cell will have less surface area compared to the volume.

Hint 12

Surface area/volume

Front 13

What stage do chromasomes split apart by the spindle fibers?

Back 13

Anaphase

Hint 13

Third phase

Front 14

What limits cell size?

Back 14

Diffusion limits cell size.

Front 15

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Back 15

Thylakoid

Hint 15

Uses pigments

Front 16

Where do light-independent reactions occur?

Back 16

Stroma

Hint 16

Jelly-like fluid inside the cholorplast

Front 17

How does ATP store energy?

Back 17

It stores energy in chemical bonds between phosphate molecules.

Hint 17

Bonds

Front 18

How does ATP release energy?

Back 18

It breaks the bonds

Hint 18

POP!

Front 19

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Back 19

6C0[2]+6H[2]0 ---> C[6]H[12]0[6] + 60[2]

Hint 19

carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen

Front 20

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Back 20

C[6]H[12]0[6] + 60[2] ---> 6C0[2] + 6H[2]0

Hint 20

Sugar + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

Front 21

What are some ways that living things use energy?

Back 21

Living things use energy to do everything, even breathe.

Hint 21

Everything

Front 22

In respiration, what is the final e-receptor? (electron receptor)

Back 22

Oxygen

Hint 22

Breath

Front 23

What pigment in plants traps sunlight?

Back 23

Chlorophyll

Hint 23

Green

Front 24

What is adenosine diphosphate made of?

Back 24

It has one adenosine molecule & two phosphate molecules bonded together by NRG.

Hint 24

Three molecules

Front 25

What is the main purpose of the calvin cycle?

Back 25

It makes sugar

Hint 25

Yummy

Front 26

True or false: Glycolysis occurs in both animals & plants?

Back 26

True

Hint 26

T

Front 27

What is a gene?

Back 27

A segment of DNA that directs enzyme production

Hint 27

Enzymes

Front 28

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Back 28

Chloroplast

Hint 28

Green

Front 29

What are some causes of cancer?

Back 29

Some are environmental like cigarette smoke or air & water pollution, others are just in your genes, where either too many are produces, they are produced at the wrong time, or the wrong kind are produced.

Hint 29

Type, number, time

Front 30

What is the difference between aerobic & anaerobic processes?

Back 30

Aerobic requires oxygen, which anaerobic does not.

Hint 30

Oxygen

Front 31

In what orangelle does cellular respiration take place?

Back 31

Mitochondria

Hint 31

Red

Front 32

Name the three stages of cellular respiration

Back 32

Glycolysis, Citric acid cyle, ETC

Hint 32

Glycolysis

Front 33

Where does glycolysis occur int he cell & what does it produce?

Back 33

It takes place in the cytoplasm, it produces 2ATP molecules, 2NADH molecules, and pyruvic acid.

Hint 33

Three things are produced

Front 34

Where does the citric acid cycle occur in the cell & what does it produce?

Back 34

It takes place in the mitochondria & it produces 2ATP molecules, 6NADH moelcules, 4C0[2] molecules, & 2FADH[2] molecules.

Hint 34

Four things are produced

Front 35

Where is the ETC & what does it produce?

Back 35

It is in the inner membrane & it produces 32 ATP.

Hint 35

One thing is produced

Front 36

What is most of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration

Back 36

Electron transport chain

Hint 36

Needs oxygen

Front 37

What happens if there is no oxygen available in the cell for ETC?

Back 37

Fermentation

Hint 37

Needs no oxygen

Front 38

What are the two types of fermentation?

Back 38

Alcoholic & lactic acid

Hint 38

Drunk & acid

Front 39

What type of fermentation occurs in humans?

Back 39

Lactic acid

Hint 39

Acid

Front 40

What type of fermentation do yeast cells use?

Back 40

Alcoholic

Hint 40

Drunk