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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbon-based compounds |
Living organisms consist mostly of __________ based compounds. Because this has the ability to form large, complex and diverse molecules. |
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Organic Compounds |
- Range from simple to giant molecules - Also contain hydrogen atoms |
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Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids |
4 Types of Macromolecules composed of Carbon Compounds |
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Stanley Mill Experiment |
Experiment that investigated how early organic molecules were formed - a stage in the origin of life on Earth. Atmospheric gases (NH3 and H2) and lightning in a tank created water droplets containing organic molecules from water vapor. |
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4 Covalent Bonds |
Carbon can form (#) (Type) bonds with a variety of atoms making large, complex organic molecules possible |
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Hydrocarbons Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Ethene (Ethylene) C2H4 |
- Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen - Can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy - Makes up many organic molecules such as fats And 3 Examples |
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Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
Carbon combines most frequently with these 3 elements Ex: CO2, Urea |
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Carbon Chains |
- Form the skeletons of most organic molecules - Vary in length and shape |
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Functional Groups |
- The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions - The number and arrangement give each molecule its unique properties |
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Carbonyl Carboxyl Hydroxyl Amino Methyl Phosphate Sulfhydryl CCHAMPS |
7 Functional Groups that are most important in the Chemistry of Life |
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Hydroxyl |
- Alcohol; names usually ends in -ol. - OH - Polar, electronegative O atom - Helps dissolve organic compounds such as sugars by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
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Carbonyl |
- Ketones if within carbon skeleton - Aldehydes if at end of carbon skeleton - C=O - Found in two major groups of sugars, ketoses (with ketone) and aldoses (with aldehyde) |
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Carboxyl |
- ________ acids or organic acids - COOH - Acts as an acid to donate H+ because of polar covalent bond between O and H - Carboxylate Ion: Found in cells in the ionized form with a -1 charge |
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Amino |
- Names end with -ine - NH2 - Acts as a base to pick up H+ from surrounding solution - Found in cells in the ionized form with a 1+ charge |
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Sulfhydryl |
- Thiols - SH - "Cross-linking": Two of these groups can form covalent bonds to stabilize protein structure - Ex: Perms |
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Phosphate |
- Called organic _____________ - PO4 - Contributes negative charge to its molecule (-2 when at the end of a molecule, -1 when located internally) - Have potential to react with water, releasing energy |
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Methyl |
- ___________ Compounds - CH3 - By binding, affects the expression of genes - In male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function |
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Length Double Bond Position Branching Rings |
4 Ways Carbon Skeletons can vary? |
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- OH - Alcohols -ol - Forms hydrogen bonds with water to dissolve organic compounds |
Give structure of Hydroxyl, name of compound, and its main functional property. |
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- C=O - Ketone is within, Aldehyde if at end of carbon chain - Gives rise to two major groups of sugars, ketoses and aldoses |
Give structure of Carbonyl, name of compound, and its main functional property. |
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- COOH
- Organic Acids, Carboxylic Acids - Acts as acid, to donate H+ because of OH polar covalent bond; found in ionized form with charge of 1- and called carboxylate ion |
Give structure of Carboxyl, name of compound, and its main functional property. |
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- NH2 - Amines - Acts as base to accept H+; found in cells in ionized form of 1+ |
Give structure of Amino, name of compound, and its main functional property. |
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- SH - Thiols - Forms covalent "cross-links" with each other to stabilize protein structure - Straight to curly hair proteins |
Give structure of Sulfhydryl, name of compound, and its main functional property. |
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- PO4 - Organic phosphate - Contributes negative charge to molecule, -2 when at the end, -1 when internal - Reacts with water to release energy |
Give structure of Phosphate, name of compound, and its main functional property. |
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- CH3 - Methylated compounds - Addition to DNA affects expression of genes and affects sex hormones's shape and function |
Methyl |
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Adenosine + 3 Phosphate Groups -2 since it is on the end of the structure |
- Give structure of ATP - What is its charge? |
