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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is carbon dioxide (CO2) organic or inorganic?
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inorganic (despite containing carbon)
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Why is carbon so common in living things?
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Carbon has only four electrons in its highest energy level of electron shells; therefore, it can bond with up to four molecules.
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What are the four most biologically important organic macromolecules?
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proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
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What is the polymer of amino acids?
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a protein (polypeptide)
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What is the monomer of proteins?
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an amino acid (20)
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Draw the back bone of an amino acid?
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2 carbons, amino group, hydrogen, R group, carboxyl group
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What are the 6 most important function groups of organic compounds? Draw them.
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hydroxyl (-OH)
carbonyl (>CO) carboxyl (-COOH) amino (-NH2) sulfhydrl (-SH) phosphate (-OPO3^2-) |
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What are polymers?
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Polymers are string of repeated units. The units of polymers are monomers.
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What is the process by which amino acids join? Draw it.
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dehydration synthesis
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What is the process by which amino acids separate? Draw it.
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hydrolysis
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What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
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saccharide
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What is the polymer of a saccharide?
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carbohydrate
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What elements entirely compose carbohydrates?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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In what fixed ratio are MONOsaccharides always found?
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CH2O (1:2:1)
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What two monosaccharides are most important to the test? Compare and contrast them.
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glucose:
-C6 H12 O6 -monosaccharide -double bonded oxygen attached to top carbon -can form ring structure Fructose: -C6 H12 O6 -monosaccharide -double bonded oxygen attached to second carbon from top -cannot form ring structure |
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What do two monosaccharide make?
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a disaccharide
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What do more than two monosaccharide make?
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a polysaccharide
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What two disaccharides are most important to the test? Compare and contrast them.
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Maltose:
-2x glucose -disaccharide -formed by dehydration reaction -C12 H22 O11 (2x glucose - H2O) Sucrose (table sugar): -glucose + fructose -disaccharide -formed by dehydration synthesis -C12 H22 O11 (glucose + fructose - H2O) |
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What three polysaccharides are most important to the test? Compare and contrast them.
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Glycogen:
-made of many glucose -form in which animals store glucose Starch: -made of many glucose -form in which plants store glucose Cellulose: -made of many glucose -very strong due to way glucose is linked -found in plant walls |
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Why is a carbohydrate unique among other polymers?
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It is the only MACROMOLECULE for which the monomer itself is considered a carbohydrate.
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How are glycogen, starch, and cellulose different if they are all polymers of glucose?
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The way the glucose molecules are linked together are different.
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What are the monomers of lipids?
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hydrocarbons
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Draw a hydrocarbon.
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.
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What is the polymer of a hydrocarbon?
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a lipid
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Is a hydrocarbon chain polar or nonpolar, hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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nonpolar, hydrophobic
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What are the three common forms of biological lipids? Describe and draw each.
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triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol
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Draw a fatty acid and a glycerol.
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.
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Are lipids, in general, hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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hydrophobic
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Fats are stored in the body in the form of...
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triglycerol
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What is the primary lipid found in cell membranes?
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phospholipids
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How are RNA and DNA different?
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RNA contains Uracil int the place of Thymine. RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded. RNA uses ribose as its sugar while DNA has deoxyribose.
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What are the four bases of DNA? How do they base pair?
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Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
A-T G-C |
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What are the four bases of RNA? How do they base pair?
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Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
A-U G-C |
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Which bases are pyrimidines and which are purines?
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Purine: Adenine, Guanine (2 organic rings)
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (1 organic ring) |
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Describe and draw the structure of DNA.
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Sugar-phosphate bonds on outside of ladder, base pairing on inner ring by hydrogen bonding, G-C forms 3 hydrogen bond more stable if many, A-T forms to hydrogen bonds less stable if many, runs in 5'-->3' direction, add onto 3' side, bidirectional, pyrimidine to purine, double helix, complementary stands
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Describe and draw the structure of RNA.
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single stranded, can fold onto itself
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Draw a nucleotide.
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pentose sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
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The nucleic acid "backbone" is made up of...
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sugar and phosphate
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The nucleic acid "rungs" are made of...
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nitrogenous bases
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Where are nucleic acids found?
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The nucleus of a cell.
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