Biology 111 Chapter 2 "chemistry"

Front 1

Define element

Back 1

a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substances

Front 2

define atom

Back 2

a bit of matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties

Front 3

define proton

Back 3

particle with positive charge

Front 4

define neutron

Back 4

particle that have no electrical charge

Front 5

define covalent bond

Back 5

[chart on phone] Strong bond formed when two atoms share electrons. ; strongest type of bond.

Front 6

define double bond

Back 6

the sharing of two electrons among two atoms

Front 7

define ion

Back 7

when one atom transfers one or more of its electrons completely to another. the atom gaining electrons becomes negatively charged, while the atom losing electrons becomes positively charged.

Front 8

define ionic bond

Back 8

[chart on phone] one atom transfers its electrons to another and the two oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other, forming a compound.

Front 9

define compound

Back 9

a molecule made up of two or more elements

Front 10

define hydrogen bond

Back 10

[chart on phone] NOT IONS; formed between a hydrogen in one molecule and another molecule, often an oxygen or nitrogen atom. Based on the attraction between positive and negative charges.

Front 11

define polar ions

Back 11

magnet-like molecules with distinct positive and negative regions

Front 12

define cohesion

Back 12

molecules that stick together with unusual strength due to hydrogen bonds between the water molecules.

Front 13

List the 4 unusual properties of water that make it critical to life

Back 13

1) Cohesion
2) Large heat capacity
3) Low density as a solid
4) Good solvent for ionic and polar substances

[4 Charts on phone]

Front 14

define pH

Back 14

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is and depends on the concentration of dissolved H+ ions present.

ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic)

Front 15

define acid

Back 15

Any fluid with a pH below 7.0 has more H+ ions, and thus fewer OH- ions

Front 16

define base

Back 16

Any fluid with a pH above 7.0 has fewer H+ ions, and thus more OH- ions

Front 17

define buffer

Back 17

chemicals that can quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic and they can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in OH- concentration.

Front 18

Define macromolecule and list the four types

Back 18

large molecules made up from smaller building blocks

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Front 19

Name the four types of macromolecues

Back 19

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Front 20

define carbohydrate

Back 20

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and generally have the same number of carbon atoms as they do H2O units. ;
They are the primary fuel for running all cellular machinery and also form much of the structure of cells in all life forms.

Front 21

define hydrophobic

Back 21

Nonpolar molecules that tend to minimize contact with water

Front 22

define hydrophilic

Back 22

molecules that readily form hydrogen bonds with water

Front 23

define lipids and list the 3 types

Back 23

non-polar molecules that are non-soluble in water, valuable to organisms in long-term energy storage and insulatoin, membrane foundtation, and as hormones.
1) fats: long term energy storage and insulation
2) sterols: regulate growth and development
3) phospholipids: form the membranes that enclose cells

Front 24

define glycerol

Back 24

small molecule at the head of fat molecular structure

Front 25

define fatty acids

Back 25

"tail" molecules attached to glycerol

Front 26

define triglycerides

Back 26

fats having three fatty acids linked to the glycerol molecule

Front 27

define cholesterol

Back 27

also serves as a precursor to steroid hormones, important regulators of growth and development.

Front 28

define phospholipids

Back 28

a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule

Front 29

define waxes

Back 29

strongly hydrophobic, resemble fats but have only one long-chain fatty acid

Front 30

define protein

Back 30

chief building block of life

Front 31

List the four structures of proteins

Back 31

1) Primary structure - sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
2) secondary structure : hydrogen bonding between amino acids
3) Tertiary structure: protein folds into a unique and complex 3D shape
4) Quaternary structure: two or more polypeptide chains are held together by bonds between the amino acids on the different chains

Front 32

define denaturation

Back 32

disruption of protein folding

Front 33

define enzymes

Back 33

molecules that help initiate and accelerate the chemical reactions in our bodies

Front 34

define activation energy

Back 34

minimum energy needed to initiate the reaction

Front 35

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

Back 35

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 36

Which proteins "match up" in DNA? RNA?

Back 36

DNA - Adenine + Thymine; Guanine + Cytosine
RNA - Cytosine + Guanine Adeline + Uracil

Front 37

List 3 major differences between RNA and DNA

Back 37

1) the suger molecule of the sugar-phosphate backbone
2) single stranded
3) Uracil replaces Thymine