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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic |
describes a compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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condensation |
process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms |
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enzymes |
compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it |
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functional group |
a group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule |
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hydrocarbon |
compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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hydrolysis |
process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other |
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metabolism |
all the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules |
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monomers |
molecules that are subunits of polymers |
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polymers |
molecules that consist of multiple monomers |
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reaction |
process of molecular change |
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carbohydrate |
molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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cellulose |
polysaccharide; major structural material in plants |
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disaccharide |
polymer of two sugar subunits |
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glycogen |
polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells |
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monosaccharide |
simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides |
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polysaccharide |
polymer of many monosaccharides
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starch |
polysaccharide; energy reservoir in plant cells |
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fat |
lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acids tails |
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fatty acid |
organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds |
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lipid |
fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound |
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lipid bilayer |
double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes |
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phospholipid |
a lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes |
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saturated fatty acid |
fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds |
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steriod |
type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails |
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triglyceride |
a fat with three fatty acid tails |
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unsaturated fatty acid |
fatty acid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in its tail |
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wax |
water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings |
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amino acid |
small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom |
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peptide bond |
a bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in proteins |
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polypeptide |
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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protein |
organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides) |
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prion |
infectious protein |
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ATP |
Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix |
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nucleic acid |
single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds; for example DNA, RNA |
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nucleotide |
monomer of nucleic acids; has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups |
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RNA |
ribonucleic acid. some types have roles in protein synthesis |
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Denatured
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when a protein loses its shape and no longer functions
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