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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organic compounds
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Carbon-based molecules
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Besides water, what does a cell mostly consist of?
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Carbon-based molecules
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What is carbon good at doing?
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Forming the skeletons of large, complex, diverse molecules necessary for life's functions
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How many atoms does a carbon atom have in its outer shell?
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4 with 4 empty spaces
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How does carbon complete its outer shell?
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By sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds, acting like an interaction that can branch off in up to four different directions
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What are the four elements carbon atoms most often bond with?
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1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen |
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Hydrocarbons
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The simplest organic compound which consists only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Has a pyramidal shape |
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What is the importance of the shape of molecules?
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Many vital processes within living organisms rely on the ability of molecules to recognize one another based on their shape
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Functional groups
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The groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions
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What is the basic structure of an organic compound?
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A carbon skeleton with functional groups attached
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Macromolecules
What are the three categories of macromolecules? |
A giant molecule in a living organism
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic acids |
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Polymers
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A lare molecule consisting of many monomers joined together in a chain
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Monomers
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Chemical subunits that serve as building blocks of polymers
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Dehydration reaction
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A chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water from the monomer to link them together
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Hydrolysis
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The breaking down of macromolecules to monomers by adding water between monomers to break bonds
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Why must organisms break down macromolecules?
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To make their monomers available to your cells which can rebuild the monomers into your own macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
What is their use in animals and plants? |
Sugar polymers
Animals use it as their primary source of dietary energy Plants use it as a building material for much of the plant body |
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Monosaccharides
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Cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars
The fuel molecules for cellular work and provides cells with carbon skeletons to manufacture organic compounds i.e. Glucose and fructose |
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Isomers
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Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures that give them different properties
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Disaccharide
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Two monosaccharides constructed through a dehydration reaction
i.e. lactose, maltose and sucrose |
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Polysaccharides
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Long chains of sugar units, polymers of monosaccharides
i.e. Starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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Starch
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Found in plants and animals and consists of many glucose monomers strung together
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Glycogen
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How animals store excess sugar
More extensively branched than starch |
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Cellulose
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Forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and is a major component of room
Because of its structure, it cannot be broken by most animals and is AKA fiber |
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Hydrophilic
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"Water-loving"
Molecules that dissolve readily in water Cellulose does not dissolve in water |
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Lipids
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Organic compounds that are hydrophobic
Are neither macromolecules nor polymers and vary in structure i.e. fats, steroids |
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Fat
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Consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via dehydration reactions resulting in a triglyceride
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What is a major portion of a fatty acid?
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A long hydrocarbon tail that stores a lot of energy
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Unsaturated
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A fatty acid is said to be unsaturated because it has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the location of the double bond, causing a bend
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Saturated
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A fatty acid is saturated when it contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and contains no double bonds in their hydrocarbon portions
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What makes a fatty acid (un)saturated?
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A saturated fat is one with all three of its fatty tails saturated
An unsaturated fat has one or more of the fatty acids unsaturated Polyunsaturated fat has several double bonds within its fatty acids |
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What form do most saturated fatty acids tend to be in at room temperature?
Why? |
Solids
The shape of saturated fatty acids allows these molecules to stack easily |
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What form do most unsaturated fatty acids tend to be in at room temperature?
Why? |
Liquids (oils are liquid fats)
The bent shape of unsaturated fatty acids makes them less likely to form solids |
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Steroids
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Are lipids because they are hydrophobic
Have a carbon skeleton that is bent to form four fused rings, the various functional groups attached to the rings affect their functions i.e. cholesterol- a base steroid from which your body produces other steroids |
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Proteins
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A polymer constructed from amino acid monomers (a polymer consisting of one or more polypeptides)
Each of the tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins has a unique 3-D shape corresponding to a specific function They perform most of the tasks required for life, most importantly as enzymes |
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Enzymes
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Chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process
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Amino acid
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Consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners, three of which (carboxyl group, amino group and a hydrogen atom) are common to all 20 amino acids with the fourth bond being the unique side group and giving the amino acid its special chemical properties
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Peptide bond
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The bond between adjacent amino acids formed by dehydration reactions
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Polypeptide
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The resulting long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
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How is it possible to make such a variety of proteins from just 20 kinds of amino acids?
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Through the arrangement of the amino acid in the polypeptide as each protein has a unique linear sequence of amino acids
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Primary structure
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The specific amino acid sequence of a protein that causes the polypeptide chain to fold into its functional shape
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What is the difference between a polypeptide chain and a protein?
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One oA functional protein is one or more polypeptide chains folded and coiled into a molecule of a unique shape that has at least three (maybe four) levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
A polypeptide chain usually folds spontaneously to form the functional shape for that protein as it is the protein's 3-D shape that lets it carry out specific functions |
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Does a proteins function follow form or does its form follow function?
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Function follows form
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Denaturation (of a protein)
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When an unfavorable change in the environment (i.e. temperature, pH level, etc.) causes the protein to unravel and lose its normal shape
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What specifies the amino acid sequence?
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A gene
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Nucleic acid
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Macromolecules that provide directions for building proteins that are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells
There are two types of nucleic acids |
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
What is the difference between these two types? |
1. DNA- the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; resides in the cell as one or more long fibers called chromosomes
2. RNA- its sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose and uses the base uracil (U) rather than thymine (T); is usually found in single-strand forms |
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Genes
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A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of polypeptide
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Nucleotides
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Monomers that make up the nucleic acid polymers
Consists of three parts: 1. A sugar 2. A phosphate 3. A nitrogenous base |
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What are the DNA nucleotide nitrogenous bases?
What is the difference in the RNA bases? |
Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
RNA uses uracil (U) instead of tymine |
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Sugar-phosphate backbone
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Nucleotides joined by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next resulting in a repeating pattern or sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate with each of the bases hanging off of the backbone
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Which bases pair with each other?
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A and T (U)
G and C |
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Double helix
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Two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other form this in a molecule of cellular DNA
The bases along the DNA strands hydrogen bonds with bases on the DNA strand, zipping the two together |
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Sugar-phosphate backbone
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Nucleotides joined by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next resulting in a repeating pattern or sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate with each of the bases hanging off of the backbone
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Which bases pair with each other?
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A and T (U)
G and C |
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Double helix
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Two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other form this in a molecule of cellular DNA
The bases along the DNA strands hydrogen bonds with bases on the DNA strand, zipping the two together |