Chapter 3 Molecules Of Life

Front 1

Describe Macromolecules

Back 1

Large organic molecules made from smaller subunits macromolecules are essential to the building and functioning of organisms.

Front 2

Four types of macromolecule that are essential to the building and functioning of organisms are..

Back 2

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front 3

True or false? Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for organisms and also for much of cell structure.

Back 3

True

Front 4

Carbohydrates contain what three elements?

Back 4

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Front 5

Complete the sentence:

As the chemical bonds of carbohydrates are broken down and other, more stable bonds are formed,_______

Back 5

⚡Energy is released that can be used by the organism.

Front 6

The most important carbohydrate to organisms is___________

*Give 3 reasons for it's importance.

Back 6

-Glucose

-It can be used as an energy source, stored as glycogen for later use, or converted to fat

Front 7

True or false?

Simple carbs like starch and glycogen CANNOT be linked into complex carbs.

Back 7

False... (Can be linked)

Front 8

What complex carb cannot be digested by most animals?

Back 8

Cellulose🌱

Front 9

True or false?

Lipids are insoluble in water and greasy to the touch

Back 9

True

Front 10

Give three reasons why lipids are valuable to organisms.

Back 10

1. Long-term energy storage and insulation

2. In membrane formation

3. As hormones

Front 11

_____ are lipids with long hydrocarbon tails they store energy and the many carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds.

Back 11

Fats

Front 12

______ ______ increase the risk of heart disease.

Back 12

Trans fats

Front 13

What two lipids are important components of cell membranes?

Back 13

1. Cholesterol

2. Phospholipids

Front 14

Unique combinations of______ amino acids give rise to proteins, the chief building blocks of organisms'_______ structures.

Back 14

-20

-physical

Front 15

Cholesterol serves as a precursor to....

Back 15

Steroid hormones

Front 16

Proteins perform many functions including assisting _____ reactions.

Back 16

Chemical

Front 17

_______ amino acids make up all the proteins that are necessary for _____, _____,____________.

Back 17

1. 20

2. Growth, repair, and replacement if tissue in living organisms.

Front 18

True or False?

Essential amino acids can be synthesized by humans and other animals, it must be consumed in the diet

Back 18

False: cannot be synthesized

Front 19

Macromolecule a large molecule made up of smaller building blocks

The four types of biological macromolecules are:

Back 19

Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Front 20

Which macromolecule:

**Is the primary fuel for cells

**Forms much of the structure of cells in all organisms?

Back 20

A. Lipid

B. Carbohydrates

C. Proteins

D. Nucleic acids

Hint 20

Carbohydrates

Front 21

True or false?

Carbohydrates (sometimes/never/always) contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Back 21

A. Sometimes

B. Never

C. Always

D. I don't know

Hint 21

Always

Front 22

1.Glucose and fructose are common monosaccharides that (do/do not) function well as fuel.

2.Why?

Back 22

**1.

A.Do

B.Do Not

C.I don't know

**2.

A. Because of their many carbon hydrogen bonds that break down and release a great deal of energy that organisms can use.

B. Because of their simple form that does not need to break down and can simply pass it's through the blood stream.

C. Because they are junk food and junk food is not a stable form of fuel or energy

Hint 22

A.do

A. Because of their many carbon hydrogen bonds...

Front 23

True or false : Circulating glucose in the blood stream is called "blood sugar"

Back 23

A. True

B. False

Hint 23

True

Front 24

Glucose is the most (unhealthy/important/unimportant) carbohydrates for living organisms

Back 24

A. Unhealthy

B. Important

C. Unimportant

Hint 24

B.

Front 25

What are the three fates of glucose in the bloodstream?

Back 25

🍬It can be used as an energy source

🍬It can be stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver for later use

🍬It can be converted to fat.

Front 26

Disaccharides are formed by the union of:

**Give an example*"

Back 26

Two simple sugars sucrose (table sugar) is an example

Front 27

(polysaccharides) Complex carbohydrates are formed by the union of:

**Give example; include the organism that use this as energy storage**

Back 27

Many simple sugars

Example: Starch; plants primary form of energy storage

Front 28

Explain short-term versus long-term energy

Back 28

Simple sugars and complex carbohydrates differ in the way they make energy available to you.Depending on their structure, dietary carbs can lead to Quick but brief or slow but persistent increase in blood sugar.

Front 29

Is "fiber" a type of cellulose that humans can digest?

What importance is it to our health?

Back 29

Fiber is a digestible form of cellular, fiber reduces the risk of colon cancer and other diseases while too much can lead to diarrhea.

Front 30

True or false?

Lipids in your diet have more energy rich carbon-hydrogen bonds than do carbs: contain more stored energy

Back 30

True

Front 31

Describe three typical features of lipids

Back 31

-nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water

-greasy to the touch

-a source of energy storage

Front 32

Give three types of lipids and briefly describe the function of each

Back 32

1. Fats: long-term energy storage and insulation

2. Sterols: Regulate growth and development (hormones)

3. Phospholipids: cell membrane formation

Front 33

Triglycerides

At solid room temperature are called___

At liquid at room temperature are called___

Back 33

Fats; oils

Front 34

If each carbon atom in a hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, the fat molecule carries the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and is said to be a____

Back 34

Saturated fat

Front 35

When some of the carbon atoms are bound to only single hydrogen atom, they are said to be________

Back 35

Unsaturated fat

Front 36

The hydrogenation of oil means that hydrogen atoms have been (added/removed) to a liquid saturated fat so that it becomes more saturated, making it less helpful because it also_______fats

Back 36

**added

**Trans fats

Front 37

_____are the major component of the membrane that surrounds the contents of a cell and controls the flow of chemicals into and out of the cells

Back 37

A. Waxes

B. Proteins

C. Phospholipids

D. Carbs

Hint 37

C. Phospholipids

Front 38

_______are the chief building blocks of all life.👷‍♀️

Back 38

A. Carbs

B. Protein

C. Nucleic acids

Hint 38

B. Proteins

Front 39

Proteins called________ initiate and assist every chemical reaction that occurs.

Back 39

A. Lipids

B. Nucleic acid

C. Hormones

D. Enzymes

Hint 39

D. Enzymes

Front 40

True or False?

**proteins make up skin, feathers, horns, muscles, bone, fight microorganism invaders in the bloodstream, form scabs, and carry oxygen from one place in your body to another.

Back 40

True🐻

Front 41

What are amino acids?

Back 41

Unique combinations of 20 amino acids that are strung together, like beads on a string, and result in proteins

Front 42

The foundation that identifies a molecule as an amino acid:

Back 42

⚛️ Central carbon with attached hydrogen atom, carboxyl group and amino group.

Hint 42

3

Front 43

Amino acids we must get from our diet are called___

Back 43

Essential amino acids

Front 44

Proteins are formed by linking individual amino acids together with a____

Back 44

Peptide bond

Front 45

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the___________

the distribution of corkscrews and the zig zags within a protein gives a protein its __________

eventually the protein folds into a unique and complex three dimensional shape called its_______

Bonds between amino acids from different chains give protein a____

Back 45

Primary structure; secondary structure; tertiary structure; quaternary structure

Front 46

True or False

Protein shape is not critical for enzymes

Back 46

False

Front 47

Enzymes bind only with their appropriate _____ molecules

Back 47

Substrate

Front 48

Enzyme activity is influenced physical factors: (4)

Back 48

1. Enzyme and substrate concentration

2. temperature

3. pH

4. Presence of inhibitors or activators

Front 49

True or false

slightly modified, non-functioning enzymes are responsible for a large number of diseases and physical problems and example is the body's inability to break down amino acid phenylalanine condition known as phenylketonuria

Back 49

True

Front 50

Name characteristics of DNA and RNA important that makes them essential to life.

Back 50

-building block molecules(nucleotides) store information in their unique sequence of bases.

-both nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) direct protein production in organisms.

Front 51

Macromolecule that store information:

Back 51

Nucleic acids

Front 52

Two types of nucleic acids are:

Back 52

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

Front 53

All nucleotides have three components they are:

Back 53

A molecule of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule

Front 54

Give 2 DNA and RNA characteristics that make it important to life.

Back 54

-Both nucleic acids direct protein production at organism

-information for protein production is contained in nucleotides (building block molecules)

Front 55

Number of hydrogen bonds in base pair A,T?

Back 55

2

Front 56

Number of hydrogen bonds in b base pair C,G?

Back 56

3

Front 57

Three ways that RNA differ from DNA

Back 57

- Ribose sugar nucleotides

- Urasil instead of Thymine

- RNA is single stranded that do not bind with another RNA strand

Front 58

What happens after RNA produces a complimentary strip from DNA?

Back 58

RNA moved to another part of the cell and directs the link amino acids to form a polypeptide chain that folds into a three-dimensional protein.