Biology Campbell Chapters 1-5

Front 1

Molecules vs molecular compounds

Back 1

2+ of same element vs 2+ of different element

Front 2

specific heat

Back 2

amount of energy required to raise temp of substance by 1 degree

Front 3

heat of vaporization

Back 3

amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted from liquid to gas

water is 2x that of alcohol

Front 4

evaporative cooling

Back 4

when liquid evaporates, remaining amount cools. This helps stabilize organism's temperatures

Front 5

cohesion vs. adhesion

Back 5

cohesion helps water move up, adhesion also helps counter gravity (capillary action)

Front 6

heat is measured in_____ and proportional to_____

it is a measurement of the total amount of______

Back 6

joules or calories, matter

kinetic energy

Front 7

a redox reaction involves ____ bonds

Back 7

ionic

Front 8

inductive reasoning vs deductive reasoning

Back 8

specific to general vs. general to specific

Front 9

genome

Back 9

entire library of genes in an organism

Front 10

most of life is composed of these 4:

the next 4 are:

and the rest are called:

Back 10

C, H, O, N

Potassium, Calcium, Phospohorus, Sulfur

trace elements

Front 11

one calorie =

Back 11

the amount of energy it takes to raise 1g water 1degree C

Front 12

acid precipitation occurs when:

Back 12

rain+So2+NO mix in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitrous acid

Front 13

cells are 70-95% H2O and the rest are______

Back 13

carbon-based compounds

Front 14

hydrocarbons_________. They are_______and_______

Back 14

consist only of hydrogen and carbon

hydrophobic and nonpolar

Front 15

Isomers have:

Back 15

the same molecular formula, but different structure and vastly different properties

Front 16

structural isomers

Back 16

different shape+arrangement of atoms

Front 17

geometric isomers

Back 17

same molecular shape, but different arrangement around a double bond

Front 18

enantiomers

Back 18

mirror images of each other. Important in pharm industry. Either R(D) or S(L)

Front 19

enantiomer examples

Back 19

ibuprofin - R is ineffective, S treats inflammation

albuterol - R treats asthma, S causes inflammation

thalidomide-R treats leperosy and multiple myeloma, S causes birth defects

dopa - R has no effect, L/S is effective for Parkinson's

Front 20

functional groups allow chemists

Back 20

to predict the reactivity of a molecule

Front 21

acid:

Back 21

a substance that, when added to H2O, splits the H2O so that there is an increase in H+ ions

Front 22

base:

Back 22

a substance that when added to water, takes up H+ ions or yields OH-

Front 23

effects of long term changes in pH level are:

Back 23

bad! diabetes lowers blood pH from 7.25 to 7, causing major kidney problems and damage to central nervous system. Must have dialysis to literally replace blood

Front 24

the majoritry of CO2 "waste" produced by a cell is used:

Back 24

to make bicarbonate buffer

Front 25

water ionization creates___________

Back 25

acids and bases!

Front 26

hydrogen ion:

hydronium ion:

hydroxide ion:

Back 26

the proton transferred to another H2O molecule when the hydrogen bond breaks

molecule that gained the proton

molecule that lost the proton

Front 27

acidosis:

alkalosis:

Back 27

too low Ph is blood - CNS failure

too high - tetany, seizures

Front 28

bicarbonate =

and it:

Back 28

CO2 and H2O mix

makes a buffer that stabilizes blood pH

Front 29

acid precipitation has a pH lower than:

Back 29

5.6

Front 30

White fat cells:

Brown fat cells:

Back 30

stored in cytoplasm, used for storage

mitochondria convert fat to heat

Front 31

a protein's______________or_______ determines its function

Back 31

confirmation or shape

Front 32

factors that affect protein shape:

Back 32

pH, temp, amino sequence, ionic bond between amino, hydrophobic interactions, van der wall forces, sulfide bonds

Front 33

Primary structure:

Back 33

linear shape, determined by DNA, with an AMINO END and a CARBOXYL end, like a necklace in primary school

Front 34

Sickle cell disease: results from sing amino substitution in hemoglobin protein. changes shape in primary structure, affecting cat structure by making two molecules crystallize into a fiber

Front 35

most genetic diseases result from...

Back 35

a defective or abnormal protein, e.g. cystic fibrosis

Front 36

NADH and NAD

Back 36

nucleotides working as electron carriers in redox reactions

Front 37

cAMP

Back 37

nucleotides working as secondary chemical messengers

Front 38

Pyrimidines

Back 38

have single, six membered ring

CUT

Front 39

purines

Back 39

have 6-membered ring fused with 5-membered ring

AU