Biology Biochemistry Test

Front 1

What type of ocean creatures will be the biggest losers due to ocean acidification

Back 1

Anything with a calcium carbonate shell and the coral reefs and the coral itself

Front 2

Which type of ocean creatures will be the biggest winners due to ocean acidification?

Back 2

Cyanobacteria and Dinoflagellates

Front 3

What was the ocean pH in 1800 and how much has it dropped? Why is this change significant?

Back 3

The ocean pH in 1800 was 8.2 and it has dropped 0.1 units since then, This is significant because it is actually a 30% increase in acidity.

Front 4

How are ocean food chains being disrupted?

Back 4

The small bacteria and plankton that have calcium carbonate shells are dying, so animals that feed off of those creatures (whales, fish, etc) will die also. Other animals that feed off of those fish will also be in danger. The chain reaction just keeps going.

Front 5

Historically, if this the first time ocean acidification has occurred?

Back 5

No. It happened 55 mil. years ago at PETM when 4.5 mil. tons of greenhouse gasses were let out and the temp. of the earth increased 9 degrees Fareinheit

Front 6

Which sectors of the economy are anticipated to be the most affected?

Back 6

Tourism, Costal communities, Pharmaceuticals, and Fisheries

Front 7

What are the 3 bold plans to save the oceans?

Back 7

1. Seeding the ocean surfaces with iron to promote the phytoplankton to soak up Carbon Dioxide. Could have unforseen consequences
2. Neutralize the seas with limestone. The effort to get all of the materials would be expensive and time consuming. Also, getting the limestone would require lots of energy, thereby releasing more Carbon Dioxide
3. Exposing the acidic water to very basic materials

Front 8

What are some things that you can do personally to rescue our oceans?

Back 8

1. Reduce carbon footprint
2. Eat low on the food chain
3. Conserve water
4. Use organic fertilizers
5. Plant trees
6. Visit a reef

Front 9

Carbs:
Jobs?

Back 9

1. Short term energy
2. Build walls in plants

Front 10

Carbs:
What are the monomers?

Back 10

Monosaccharides

Front 11

Carbs:
Contain.....

Back 11

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Front 12

Carbs:
Forms:

Back 12

Hexose (C6H12O6)
Pentose (C5H10O5)

Front 13

Lipids:
Polar or Nonpolar?

Back 13

Nonpolar

Front 14

Lipids:
Jobs?

Back 14

Long term energy
Insulation

Front 15

Lipids:
Monomers....

Back 15

Fatty Acids

Front 16

Lipids:
Explain the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated

Back 16

Saturated: Solid at room temp.
No double covalent bonds
Unsaturated: Liquid at room temp. Has double bonds.

Front 17

Lipids:
Examples?

Back 17

Triglyceride (3 fatty acids)
Phospholipid (2 fatty acids)

Front 18

Nucleic Acids:
Monomers...

Back 18

Nucleotides

Front 19

Nucleic Acids:
Examples are....

Back 19

DNA and RNA

Front 20

Proteins:
Monomers...

Back 20

Amino Acids

Front 21

Proteins:
Amino Acids connected by.....

Back 21

Peptide Bonds

Front 22

Proteins:
Explain the 4 structures

Back 22

Primary: Chain of amino acids. Determines shape of protein
Secondary: Either pleated or squiggly
Tertiary: More complexly folded
Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptide chains complexly folded.

Front 23

Enzymes:
______ is the place where the substrate goes

Back 23

The Active Site

Front 24

Enzymes:
Explain the two theories of how the substrate goes into the active site.

Back 24

Lock and Key: the substrate is a fixed shape and fits like a puzzle piece into the active site.
Induced Fit: Theory that the substrate can alter its form to fit into the active site. (Newer theory and more probable)

Front 25

Enzymes:
What to they do?

Back 25

Make a reaction happen faster and easier

Front 26

Enzymes:
What effects do temperature have on the enzyme?

Back 26

Heat- Denatures (loses form)
Cold- Slows down but does not stop working
Acid- Denatures
Base- Denatures

Front 27

Enzymes:
Define Optimal temp.

Back 27

The best temperature for an enzyme to work the most efficiently

Front 28

Enzyme Prelab Questions:
What is catalase?

Back 28

The enzyme the converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and O2

Front 29

Enzyme Prelab Questions:
What is the substrate for catalase?

Back 29

Hydrogen Peroxide

Front 30

Enzyme Prelab Questions:
Why does the graph level out? (pg. 55 in Biochem. Packet)

Back 30

The enzyme has reached its maximum rate of reaction and cannot go any faster.

Front 31

Enzyme lab:
What is a catalyst?

Back 31

Anything that speeds up a reaction

Front 32

What was the purpose of using the NaCl at the beginning of the experiment?

Back 32

It was to show that Liver juice and Manganese DIoxide were catalysts.

Front 33

Are the 3 materials tested in this experiment catalysts? Which are? Which are not? How do you know?

Back 33

MnO2 and Liver juice were catalysts and the NaCl was not. I know because the Liver juice and MnO2 bubbled/ smoked, showing that a reaction was going on.

Front 34

Does cold affect catalysts? How?

Back 34

Yes, It slows them down.

Front 35

Is one of the substrates an enzyme? Which one? How do you know?

Back 35

Yes the liver juice is an enzyme. I can tell because the liver juice was denatured in the heat, acid, and base. The MnO2, on the other hand, never completely stopped working.

Front 36

What evidence do you have that Manganese Dioxide acts like a catalyst in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide? Would you need additional steps in the procedure to confirm this? Describe what you would need to do to prove that manganese dioxide if only a catalyst and not a reactant.

Back 36

I know because it reacted faster that the NaCl in the control. I would need extra steps to confirm that Magnesium Dioxide was just a catalyst and not a reactant. I would go about this by measuring the amount of MnO2 after the reaction and if you compare it with the starting amount and it is the same, it is a catalyse because they do not get used up.

Front 37

How does an inhibitor interact with an enzyme?

Back 37

It does not affect it

Front 38

Suppose someone came to the conclusion that fresh liver juice contained manganese dioxide as a catalyst. What evidence do you have for or against this conclusion?

Back 38

Evidence against it is that when the enzyme and liver juice's performances in the heat were tested, The Manganese dioxide was fine but the liver juice was denatured.

Front 39

Most Enzyme names end in the suffix ______

Back 39

-ase or -sin

Front 40

Why are thousands of different enzymes produced in cells?

Back 40

Because each one has a different job and they are highly specific.

Front 41

2 ways that enzymes behave like inorganic catalysts

Back 41

-Accelerate the chemical reaction
- Slows down in cold temperatures
-Reuseable

Front 42

2 ways that enzymes differ from inorganic catalysts

Back 42

- Enzymes are made of protein and contain carbon
- Enzymes can be denatured and inorganic catalysts cannot

Front 43

Based on this lab, what effects can pH have upon enzyme activity?

Back 43

Extreme base and acid both were denaturing the enzyme so it did not work

Front 44

Summarize your understanding about enzymes based on this lab

Back 44

- Enzymes are denatured by heat, acid, and base
- Enzymes are more specific than inorganic catalysts.

Front 45

What is kPa?

Back 45

It is the unit in which pressure is measured.

Front 46

What are the causes of Acidosis?

Back 46

- Acid producing medications
-Increased production of organic acids
- Carbon Dioxide Retention
- Significant loss of bicarbonate

Front 47

What are the causes of Alkalosis?

Back 47

- Extreme lack of chloride ions
- Extreme lack of Potassium
- Increased Carbon Dioxide loss
- Increased levels of bicarbonate

Front 48

Normal Mechanisms to maintain pH

Back 48

-Dilution
-Buffering
-CO2 Excretion
-H+ Excretion