Science Subtest Il: Molecular Biology And Biochemistry

Front 1

Name the 6 elements that combine to make up most of the chemical compounds in living things

Back 1

C-Carbon
H-Hydrogen
O-Oxygen
N-Nitrogen
P-Phosphorus
S-Sulfur

Front 2

What is the function of carbohydrates

Back 2

macromolecules composed of
used to store energy in the form of sugars or starches
AND
used to form complex structures such as the cellulose polysaccharide that is used to form the cell walls of plants

Front 3

What three elements are carbohydrates are composed of?
Explain the structure of carbohydrates

Back 3

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Front 4

What is the funcion of lipids

Back 4

used to store energy, help form membranes, chemical signals between cells

Front 5

lipids do not interact well with other organic compounds because they are

Back 5

hydrophobic

Front 6

function of lipids

Back 6

used for energy storage and make up the the lipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane of cells.

Front 7

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

Back 7

the long hydrocarbon chains at one end of the molecule is a non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrocarbon structure.
This part of the molecule is often referred to as the hydrophobic tail.

At the opposite end of the molecule you will see carbons attached to oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. These components make this end of the phospholipid hydrophilic and therefore water-soluble. This end of the phospholipid is called the hydrophilic head. The dual hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of this phospholipid is essential to the structure of all cell membranes

Front 8

A lipid monomer is either

Back 8

glycerol and fatty acids or a steroid core

Front 9

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogene are examples of

Back 9

steroids.
They form a group of four interlocking rings of carbon = steroid core

Front 10

What is the function of proteins

Back 10

form structures, antibodies, hormones, enzymes

Front 11

enzymes are the

Back 11

chemical workers of the cell

Front 12

monomers that make up proteins are

Back 12

amino acids

Front 13

proteins also known as polypeptide chains are macromolecules made up of

Back 13

linked amino acids

Front 14

proteins have several levels of structure. Name them:

Back 14

primary, secondary, tertiary

Front 15

What are the four basic parts of amino acids

Back 15

The central part is called the alpha carbon which has a hydrogen attached to it and then all the other side groups. This group over here is called the amino group and it’s made up of a nitrogen with a couple of hydrogens.
Over here we have the carboxyl group which gives the acidic quality to an amino acid because this C double bond OOH that’s a carboxylic acid
Down here you see the R group. That instead is just a place holder used to represent the different side groups that give each amino acid its individual qualities

Front 16

long chains of monomers (nucleotides) that function as storage molecules in a cell are called

Back 16

nucleic acids

Front 17

Nucleotides are composed of

Back 17

sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 18

examples of nucleic acids include

Back 18

ATP, DNA, RNA

Front 19

What is the function of nucleic acids

Back 19

store genetic information, transfer energy

Front 20

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

Back 20

nucleotides

Front 21

Explain the structure of a nucleotide (monomer of nucleic acid)

Back 21

the basic structure of a nucleotide is that you'll have at the heart a five carbon sugar sometimes called a pentose sugar, -ose meaning carbohydrate, pent meaning five.
On one end of our pentose sugar we’ll have phosphate group and this gives a strong negative charge to molecules like DNA and RNA.
On the other end you’ll have the one thing that makes one nucleotide different from the other and that’s a base that has the element nitrogen in it

Front 22

Describe the process of photosynthesis

Back 22

basically what happens is that the light reactions on the thylakoid membrane you've got special molecules that can absorb light. Using that energy they strip off electrons and put them onto a high energy electron carrier called NADPH they also use the energy of those electrons to make a molecule called ADP an energy molecule that's going to be needed later on in the Calvin cycle. Where do they get some of these electrons that they're putting on to NADPH? Ultimately they take these electrons from water molecules, so they rip apart the water taking the electrons that were holding the hydrogen's onto the oxygen and release the oxygen as oxygen gas. Now the ATP and NADPH are sent off to the Calvin cycle that is happening in the stroma. In the stroma you've got all these enzymes floating around, they grab carbon dioxide then using the energy of ATP and the high energy electrons of NADPH and hydrogens that are being carried on the NADPH. They build glucose or other sugars ultimately you recycle the building materials that you're using and you send the now used up NADPH which become NADP positive and you send the used up ATP it's now adenosine diphosphate and unattached phosphate ion and those go back to be recharged by the light dependent reactions to begin the cycle again.

Front 23

Photosynthesis is a process found in plant cells which converts ______ energy into _________ energy in the form of sugars that the plant can store and use at any time. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, an organelle only found in plant cells, and consists of two parts: the light dependent reaction, which converts light energy into ATP, and the Calvin cycle, which converts ATP into glucose

Back 23

light
chemical

Front 24

What is anerobic respiration

Back 24

breakdown of food without oxygen. It is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen.

Front 25

Explain anerobic respiration

Back 25

Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP, which is far fewer than aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration happens in the cytoplasm where glycolysis releases energy from glucose and fermentation recycles NADH back to NAD+.

Front 26

What is aerobic respiration

Back 26

the breakdown of food with the use of oxygen. Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.

Front 27

Where does aerobic respiration take place and how

Back 27

Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. The first step in is glycolysis, the second is the citric acid cycle and the third is the electron transport system

Front 28

Describe the process of aerobic respiration

Back 28

1. Glycolysis: break down of glucose which happens in the cytosol or the cytoplasm of the cell. Once it's done then the molecules enter the mitochondria where it undergoes the series of chemical reactions that are called the Krebs cycle
2. Krebs cycle
3. It ends with a process known as the electron transport system. Let's take a closer look at how this happens, so here we see glucose which is a 6 carbon molecule. And in going through the process known as glycolysis which means literally sugar splitting the glucose is split in half into a pair of 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. This gives you some high energy electrons they were helping hold this together and those are sent off here to the electron transport system inside the mitochondria. You do get a little bit of ATP here but it's only 2 so not a big deal. The pyruvate eventually makes it's way into the inner portion of the mitochondria called the matrix where it undergoes the series of chemical reactions known as the Krebs cycle.

Again we get a little bit of energy molecules in the form of ATP this is where we finally start releasing all of the carbon dioxides as they come flying out those carbons used to be in the glucose. We get a whole bunch more of these NADHs again they're high energy electron carriers and a couple of FADH 2 molecules. These are carrier molecules they literally carry electrons that have a lot of energy off to the molecules that make up something cleverly known as the electron transport system. The electron transport system uses the energy all of those high energy electrons to do something called proton pumping or hydrogen ion transport.

And what they do is they shove the hydrogen ions across the membrane then as those hydrogen ions make their way back across the membrane just like water going from one side of a dam through the other can drive a hydro dynamic electric generator. Here we see the high energy electrons have shoved the hydrogen ions across then as they go back they make bucket loads of ATP. Now we need some place to dump those high energy electrons and that's what oxygen is for. We dump the high energy electrons onto the O2 molecules they pick up a couple of hydrogen ions and become water.

Front 29

Describe the process of aerobic respiration

Back 29

1. Glycolysis: break down of glucose which happens in the cytosol or the cytoplasm of the cell. Once it's done then the molecules enter the mitochondria where it undergoes the series of chemical reactions that are called the Krebs cycle
2. Krebs cycle
3. It ends with a process known as the electron transport system. Let's take a closer look at how this happens, so here we see glucose which is a 6 carbon molecule. And in going through the process known as glycolysis which means literally sugar splitting the glucose is split in half into a pair of 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. This gives you some high energy electrons they were helping hold this together and those are sent off here to the electron transport system inside the mitochondria. You do get a little bit of ATP here but it's only 2 so not a big deal. The pyruvate eventually makes it's way into the inner portion of the mitochondria called the matrix where it undergoes the series of chemical reactions known as the Krebs cycle.

Again we get a little bit of energy molecules in the form of ATP this is where we finally start releasing all of the carbon dioxides as they come flying out those carbons used to be in the glucose. We get a whole bunch more of these NADHs again they're high energy electron carriers and a couple of FADH 2 molecules. These are carrier molecules they literally carry electrons that have a lot of energy off to the molecules that make up something cleverly known as the electron transport system. The electron transport system uses the energy all of those high energy electrons to do something called proton pumping or hydrogen ion transport.

And what they do is they shove the hydrogen ions across the membrane then as those hydrogen ions make their way back across the membrane just like water going from one side of a dam through the other can drive a hydro dynamic electric generator. Here we see the high energy electrons have shoved the hydrogen ions across then as they go back they make bucket loads of ATP. Now we need some place to dump those high energy electrons and that's what oxygen is for. We dump the high energy electrons onto the O2 molecules they pick up a couple of hydrogen ions and become water.

Front 30

Compare anerobic and aerobic respiration

Back 30