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22 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
asexual reproduction
creation of new offspring who’s genetic information comes from a single parent without the fusion of gametes
Sexual
creation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote (fertilized egg)
mechanisms of asexual reproduction
fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration
ovum
unfertilized egg
-large and nonmotile
spermatozoon
male gamete
-small, motile cell
fission
the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approx. equal size
budding
new individuals splitting off from existing ones
fragmentation
breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into adults
regeneration
the regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism
advantages of asexual reproduction
-no competition for mate
-create lots of offspring in little time
-advantage in stable environments b/c it ensures successful genotype are produced precisely (clones)
parthenogenesis
process by which the egg develops without being fertilized
hermaphroditism
an individual has both male and female reproductive systems
sequential hermaphrodism
when an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime
protogynous
born female and transitions to male
protandrous
born male and transitions to female
fertilization
the union of sperm and egg
external fertilization
eggs are laid by female and fertilized by male in the environment
Eggs are shed by the female and fertilized by the male in the environment
-Almost exclusively in moist habitats
-Other Factors for external fertilization include: Courtship Behavior, Temperature, or Length of Day
-Temperature and day length may cause the population to release the gametes at once or chemical signals such as Pheromones.
internal fertilization
sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract
-Requires sophisticated reproductive systems
Organs that deliver sperm and receptacles for its storage and transport to ripe eggs
*Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provides more parental protection than species with external fertilization
-Produces few zygotes; results in greater protection and parental care of young
-Types of Protection: eggshells, embryo developing in reproductive tract of female, and parental care
-Examples: Birds, reptiles and monotremes have amniotic eggs w/ calcium and protein shells
-Marsupials retain embryos for short periods of time before letting it crawl out and develop in the pouch
-Placental Mammals develop entirely in the uterus, being nourished by the placenta
advantages of sexual reproduction
genetic variation
gonads
the organs that produce gametes in most animals
spermatheca
a sac in which sperm is stored for a year or more
claoca
opening to the outside from the digestive, excretory, and reproductive trace
-in most non-mammalian vertebrates