Biology 220 - Ballough - Exam 1

Front 1

Animals possess 2 coordinating systems that often cooperate to control physiology and behavior:

Back 1

Endocrine System
&
Nervous System

Front 2

Endocrine system relies on?

Back 2

Relies on chemical signals.

Front 3

Endocrine system consists of ______ that release ________ that travel via blood.

Back 3

Consists of individual glands that release hormones that travel via blood

Front 4

How long does the endocrine system take to respond to hormones?

Back 4

Seconds or minutes

Front 5

Endocrine system:
Dispersal of hormones in blood exposes most of body cells; however, only those with proper receptors will respond. (SAME BOTH SIDES)

Back 5

Endocrine system:
Dispersal of hormones in blood exposes most of body cells; however, only those with proper receptors will respond. (SAME BOTH SIDES)

Front 6

Nervous system uses what kind of signals?

Back 6

Electrochemical

Front 7

Nervous system consists of specialized cells that....?

Back 7

Consists of specialized cells that branch throughout body and conduct signals directly to and from specific targets.

Front 8

Nervous system:
Structural complexity of the system permits the integration of a broad spectrum of information and stimulation of a very wide range of responses. (SAME BOTH SIDES)

Back 8

Nervous system:
Structural complexity of the system permits the integration of a broad spectrum of information and stimulation of a very wide range of responses. (SAME BOTH SIDES)

Front 9

CNS aka?

What two parts comprise the CNS?

Back 9

CNS - central nervous system

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 10

Function of the CNS is (2 fold)?

Back 10

integrating sensory input and coordinating motor output.

Front 11

PNS aka?

Functionally divided into what 2 parts?

(Subunits not included)

Back 11

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic (voluntary)

Visceral (involuntary)

Front 12

Subunits of the Somatic (voluntary) part of peripheral nervous system?

Back 12

Motor and Sensory

Front 13

Visceral part of peripheral nervous system AKA?

Subunits of the Visceral (involuntary) part of peripheral nervous system?

Back 13

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Subdivided into sympathetic ("fight or flight") and parasympathetic ("resting and digesting") divisions

Front 14

PNS anatomically divided into 12 pairs of ________ and 31 pairs of ___________.

They provide innervation to the ____,_____, and ______ that are under __________ control.

Back 14

12 pairs of cranial nerves.

31 pairs of spinal nerves.

They provide innervation to the skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control.

Front 15

Axons from "______ neurons" supply ________ (cell bodies reside within the CNS) and _________ neurons bring information from skin and joints to the CNS. (FIX)

Back 15

"motor neurons" supply muscles and.....

sensory neurons

(FIX)

Front 16

Axons of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS?

Where are the cell bodies for these axons?

Back 16

Fibers that alter function of and monitor changes in body organs (viscera) & blood vessels

Cell bodies for these are located outside the CNS in ganglia.

Front 17

2 types of cells of the nervous system?

Back 17

Neurons
&
Supporting Cells

Front 18

What are sensory neurons?

Where are the cell bodies located?

Back 18

convey information from the skin and joints. They carry signals to the CNS.

Cell bodies located within dorsal root ganglion.

Front 19

What is a ganglion?

Back 19

(a "ganglion" a collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS).

Front 20

What are motor neurons?

Where are their cell bodies located?

Back 20

convey impulses away from the CNS to skeletal muscle fiber.

Cell bodies located within CNS.

Front 21

What are interneurons?

Back 21

entire neuron and all fibers located within CNS. Integrate sensory input and motor output.

Front 22

Most neurons have what 2 types of fibers?

Back 22

Dendrites
&
Axons

Front 23

What are neurotransmitters?

Back 23

Chemicals that cross the synapse

Front 24

What is a synapse?

Back 24

(i.e., gap between axon terminal and dendrite of follower neuron or effector cell).

Front 25

Supporting cells AKA?

What are supporting cells? (3 parts of definition)

Back 25

AKA Glial cells

-Cells that structurally reinforce, protect, insulate and generally assist neurons.
-Do not conduct impulses.
-Outnumber neurons by 10 fold.

Front 26

Name the glial cells of the CNS?

Back 26

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

Front 27

Name the glial cells of the PNS?

Back 27

Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells

Front 28

What are astrocytes?

Back 28

control ionic environment, induce BBB, glial scar.

*they are body guards to neurons

Front 29

What are Oligodendrocytes?

Back 29

form myelin in CNS

Front 30

What are Microglia?

Back 30

are phagocytic, originate outside CNS

Front 31

What are Ependymal Cells?

Back 31

secrete CSF (choroid plexus) and line brain ventricles

Front 32

What are Schwann Cells?

Back 32

form the myelin sheaths around axons in PNS

Front 33

What are Satellite Cells?

Back 33

similar to astrocytes in function

Front 34

What is myelin?

Back 34

Electrical insulation by concentric layers of membrane. Increases speed of impulse propagation

Front 35

What is membrane potential? (COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE)

Back 35

due to differential distributions of ions and charge

Front 36

Resting potential (COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 36)

Back 36

(COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 36)

Front 37

Equilibrium Potential? (COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 37)

Back 37

-Balance between diffusion gradient and electrical attraction
-All cells have a membrane potential
-Na+ “wants” to diffuse into cell, down its conc. gradient.
-K+ diffuses out of cell, down its conc. gradient.
-Negative charges inside cell attract K+ back in.
-Membrane permeability to K+ is 20X greater than for Na+.
-Therefore, resting membrane potential most influenced by K+.
-Sodium-potassium pump counteracts leaks.
-Net result: Inside relatively negative compared to outside.
(COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 37)

Front 38

**Graded and Action Potentials (COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 39 & 40)

Back 38

(COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 39 & 40)

Front 39

**Name phases of action potential? (COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 41)

Back 39

Resting State
Depolarization phase
Repolarizing phase
Undershoot phase
(COMPLETE REST FROM SLIDE 41)

Front 40

Function/Description of Anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal horns of spinal cord?

Back 40

Ventral horns are gray matter of the spinal cord …contain cell bodies of lower motor neurons.

Dorsal horns are gray matter of the spinal cord …contain cell bodies of sensory interneurons whose axons make dorsal columns.

Front 41

Function/Description of Amygdala?

Back 41

Part of temporal lobe…Learning fear, plays role in anxiety and aggression

Front 42

Function/Description of Brain nucleus?

Back 42

Collection of neuronal cell bodies inside the CNS, not including cortical gray of cerebral and cerebellar cortices.

Front 43

Function/Description of Brain stem?

Back 43

Collective term for medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

Front 44

**Function/Description of Brain ventricles (4)?

Back 44

Lateral Ventricle largest of 4 ventricles in the brain. There are left and right lateral ventricles. Third and Fourth Ventricles are associated with the thalamus/hypothalamus and brain stem. All ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 45

Function/Description of Cerebral Aqueduct?

Back 45

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles and also contains CSF

Front 46

Function/Description of Cerebellum?

Back 46

means little brain. Controls balance, equilibrium, and proprioception (receives stretch/rate of stretch information from muscles and tendons)

Front 47

Function/Description of Cerebrum?

Back 47

Divided into two cerebral hemispheres, each containing four major lobes (i.e., frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital). Also contains other major brain regions including the thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 48

Function/Description of Corpus callosum?

Back 48

Largest commissure in the brain (i.e., a commissure is white matter connection between both cerebral hemispheres); therefore, it connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 49

Function/Description of Cranial nerves?

Back 49

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. They are an extremely important part of the peripheral nervous system and connect directly to the brain . (Spinal nerves [see below] connect directly to the spinal cord.) Knowledge of cranial nerve connections and function essential in neurological diagnosis.

Front 50

Function/Description of Dorsal, lateral ventral columns of spinal cord?

Back 50

These are the white matter of the spinal cord. They contain bundles of myelinated axons that carry information up and down the spinal cord. For example, the dorsal columns convey sensory information (e.g., touch) up the spinal cord to the brain. Lateral columns convey motor information from the brain down the spinal cord, as well as pain and temperature info up the spinal cord to the brain.

Front 51

Function/Description of Dorsal root ganglion?

Back 51

Part of the peripheral nervous system, located adjacent spinal cord, one for each spinal nerve, contains cell bodies of vast majority of sensory neurons.

Front 52

Function/Description of Frontal lobe(s)?

Back 52

(1 of 4 major lobes of each cerebral hemisphere)
Contains precentral gyrus (for motor control) and prefrontal cortex

Front 53

Function/Description of Ganglion?

Back 53

Collection of neuronal cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system

Front 54

Function/Description of Gray and white matter of brain and spinal cord?

Back 54

Gray matter appears “gray” because contains high density of neuronal cell bodies, located in the CNS.
White matter appears “white” because contains high density of myelinated axons, located in the CNS

Front 55

Function/Description of Gyri(us)?

Back 55

Ridges and bumps of the cerebrum

Front 56

Function/Description of Hippocampus?

Back 56

Part of temporal lobe, for memory consolidation, spatial navigation, plays role in emotions. Damaged in Alzheimer’s

Front 57

Function/Description of Hypothalamus?

Back 57

Controls appetitive behaviors and much of endocrine system. Also plays major role in emotions

Front 58

Function/Description of Longitudinal fissure?

Back 58

Divides right and left cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum

Front 59

Function/Description of Massa intermedia (intermediate mass of thalamus)?

Back 59

Seen in mid sagittal view of thalamus

Front 60

Function/Description of Medulla oblongata?

Back 60

Most posterior part of the brain (hind brain). Contains many cranial nerve nuclei, tracts (i.e., collections of axons) from sensory and motor neurons, vestibular and auditory centers, cardiac center, and inspiratory center (breathing)

Front 61

Function/Description of Midbrain?

Back 61

It does not include the thalamus or hypothalamus , as is often and mistakenly suggested in lay publications. Specifically located behind the hypothalamus and anterior to the pons. Contains the substantia nigra, some cranial nerve nuclei and .important motor and sensory tracts

Front 62

Function/Description of Motor neurons (upper and lower)?

Back 62

Upper motor neurons indirectly initiate movement; cell bodies located in precentral gyri and axons project to lower motor neurons.

Lower motor neurons directly initiate movement; cell bodies located in ventral horn of spinal cord and axons project to skeletal muscle

Front 63

Function/Description of Occipital lobe(s)?

Back 63

(1 of 4 major lobes of each cerebral hemisphere);

Contains primary visual cortex.Note: Each main cerebral hemisphere lobe has primary regions and association areas which provide more complex information regarding each main function

Front 64

Function/Description of Parietal lobe(s)?

Back 64

(1 of 4 major lobes of each cerebral hemisphere);

peripheral body sensation such as pain, touch, temperature, vibration, or itch. Contains postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)

Front 65

Function/Description of Pineal gland/body?

Back 65

“3rd eye”. Descartes’ seat of the soul. Makes melatonin for circadian rhythms . Will be discussed further with endocrine system

Front 66

Function/Description of Postcentral gyri(us)?

Back 66

Primary sensory cortex , located in parietal lobes

Front 67

Function/Description of Pons?

Back 67

Means bridge. Part of the brain stem. Contains sensory and motor tracts going up and down spinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei, and tracts interconnecting cerebellum with rest of the brain and spinal cord

Front 68

Function/Description of Precentral gyri(us)?

Back 68

Primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobes

Front 69

Function/Description of Prefrontal cortex?

Back 69

highest intellectual functions (executive functions ), decision making , self-control, morality

Front 70

Function/Description of Sensory neurons?

Back 70

Perceive sensations from skin (e.g., touch, pain, temperature) and convey to spinal

Front 71

Function/Description of Simple reflex arch (e.g., monosynaptic reflex)?

Back 71

Sensory neurons synapses with a lower motor neuron in the spinal cord. For example, stretch of patellar tendon is detected by a sensory neuron. The signal travels to the spinal cord where the sensory neuron synapses with a lower motor neuron that stimulates contraction of the quadriceps femoris

Front 72

Function/Description of Sulci(us)?

Back 72

Shallow groves between gyri

Front 73

Function/Description of Spinal nerves?

Back 73

31 pairs, part of peripheral nervous system. Are mixed, i.e., they contain axons from motor and sensory neurons

Front 74

Function/Description of Superior & inferior colliculi(us)?

Back 74

together they comprise the corpora quadrigemina and roof of the midbrain. Involved in complex visual reflexes: Superior causes us to turn head when we see something in periphery. Inferior links auditory input to visual reflexes

Front 75

Function/Description of Temporal lobe(s)?

Back 75

(1 of 4 major lobes of each cerebral hemisphere);

controls hearing, has primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus), amygdala, and hippocampus

Front 76

Function/Description of Thalamus

Back 76

Sensory relay station of the brain …for all sensations except smell

Front 77

Where does the devil reside within brain????

Back 77

Posterior Hypothalamus

Front 78

**BBB aka?

Back 78

Blood brain barrier.

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells