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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fertilization
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union of sperm and egg to form a zygote
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3 parts of sperm and function?
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tail-allows the sperm to swim toward egg
middle- contains energy-producing mitochondria head- contains the sperm nucleus and is capped by a membrane-bounded acrosome |
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What is weakened by the secretion of enzymes?
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corona radiata
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Polyspermy
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entrance of more than one sperm
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"fast block"
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serves to repel sperm only for a few seconds
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"slow block"
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longer-lasting coritcal reaction
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What is development?
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all the changes that occur during the life cycle of an organism
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What is the first stages of development?
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embryo
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cleavage
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cell division without growth
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morula
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ball of cells
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Fertilization
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union of sperm and egg to form a zygote
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3 parts of sperm and function?
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tail-allows the sperm to swim toward egg
middle- contains energy-producing mitochondria head- contains the sperm nucleus and is capped by a membrane-bounded acrosome |
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What is weakened by the secretion of enzymes?
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corona radiata
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Polyspermy
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entrance of more than one sperm
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"fast block"
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serves to repel sperm only for a few seconds
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"slow block"
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longer-lasting coritcal reaction
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What is development?
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all the changes that occur during the life cycle of an organism
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What is the first stages of development?
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embryo
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cleavage
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cell division without growth
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morula
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ball of cells
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blastula
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hollow ball of cells having a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel
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yolk
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dense nutrient material
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ectoderm
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outer layer of cells
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endoderm
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inner layer of cells
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blastopore
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pore created by invagination and eventually becomes the anus
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mesoderm
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middle layer of cells
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how does mesoderm form?
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cells migrate btw ectoderm and endoderm and invagination of cells along the edges of a longitudinal furrow
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primitive streak
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the furrow caused by the formation of the mesoderm and it's because of its appearance
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Embryonic germ layers
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ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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notochord
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dorsal supporting rod
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Neural plate
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thickening of the cells is seen along the dorsal surface of the the embryo
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neural tube
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neural folds develop on either side of a neural groove
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Phylogeny
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evolutionary history of relationships among organisms/genes
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What does a node represent?
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point at which a lineage diverges
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taxon
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any group of species that we designate or name
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clade
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group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
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synamorphies
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derived trait that are shared among a group and are viewed as evidence of a common ancestor
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What are the characteristics used to make a tree?
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morphological traits, behavioral, development, and genetic data
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Steps of making a phylogeny tree
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1. choose taxa
2. determine the characteristics 3. determind polarity of characteristic 4. group taxa |
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ancestoral trait
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trait that was present in the ancestor of a group
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derived traits
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traits that differ
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principle of parsimony
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the tree that requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes is favored
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Phylogeny
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evolutionary history of relationships among organisms/genes
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What does a node represent?
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point at which a lineage diverges
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taxon
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any group of species that we designate or name
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clade
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group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
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synamorphies
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derived trait that are shared among a group and are viewed as evidence of a common ancestor
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What are the characteristics used to make a tree?
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morphological traits, behavioral, development, and genetic data
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Steps of making a phylogeny tree
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1. choose taxa
2. determine the characteristics 3. determind polarity of characteristic 4. group taxa |
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ancestoral trait
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trait that was present in the ancestor of a group
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derived traits
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traits that differ
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principle of parsimony
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the tree that requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes is favored
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systematics
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study of evolutionary relationships btw organism
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What are the 2 things that help us intellectually "map" our understanding of evolutionary relatives?
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phylogeny and classification
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Homoplastic trait
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similiarity among organism that was NOT inherited from the common ancestor of those organisms
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Homoplastic traits can result from what?
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convergent evolution and evolutionary reversal
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convergent evolution
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independent evolution of similiar structure in organisms that are NOT directly related
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What does convergent evolution result in?
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analogous traits
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Why might convergent evolution occur?
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often bc lineages face similar environmental challenges and selective pressures
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analogous structures
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similiar but different in evolutionary origin
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homologous structures
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derived from a common ancestor
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marsupials
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young are born in an immature condition and held in a pouch until they develop
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evolutionary reversal
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character reverts from a derived state back to the ancestral state
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What is the evidence supporting the tree of life?
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fossils
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What are biological classifications used for?
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to express the evolutionary relationships of organisms
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What are biological classifications?
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hierarchical with increasing levels of inclusions
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fossil
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preserved remains of once living organisms
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What 3 factors must be considered when designing an expedition to answer a specific question?
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-rocks must be the right age
-rocks must be the right type for the preservation of the fossils -rocks must be exposed at the surface of the earth |
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Where did they work in the inner fish?
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Southern Ellesmere Island in Canada
1,000 miles from north pole |
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What characteristics of Tiktaalik made it such an important find?
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-like fish, has scales and webbed fins
-like an early land animal, has flat head, neck, and all the bones in the fin resemble the bones in land animals -it belongs to the correct time period 375 million years ago |
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Tiktaalik is intermediate btw what two things?
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fish and primitive land living animal
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What is the oldest bird fossil?
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Archaeopteryx "ancient feather"
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What are taxa expected to be?
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monophyletic
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placentals
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young are not born until they can safely survive in the external environment
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Who started classification?
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Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700's
binomial nomenclature |
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monophyletic
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most recent common ancestor and ALL of descendants
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polyphyletic
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does NOT contain the most recent commone ancestor of the group
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paraphyletic
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most recent common ancestr and SOME of descendants
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monophyletic group
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most recent common ancestor and ALL of descendants
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Where are fossils produced?
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sedimentary rock
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How do fossils occur?
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in definite order
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Neil Shubin?
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wanted to find a transitional fossil from water to land
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macro evolution?
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mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection + 3.8 billion yrs ago
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Where did Sean Carrol do his research?
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Bouvet Island; Norvegia
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What cells the icefish have?
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white blood cells
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How many species of icefish and water temp?
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15; 29-30 degree water bc its easier to pump blood bc it lowers vescity
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What does the DNA record reveal about icefish?
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what was lost, gained, or modified
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What was lost in icefish?
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hemoglobin gene
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What is gained in icefish?
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proteins that act as antifreeze that allows the fish to sustain life under cold water
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What does DNA record reveal about earth?
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earth and life evolved together
-shifts in lifestyles are reflected in DNA -Darwin's idea of Natural Selection |
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What are Darwin's key ideas?
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-variation
-time -favor adventageous ideas and rejecting the others |
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What gene determines color?
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MC1R
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Evolving genes
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variations arise by random mutations selective conditions determine which traits are favored
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What is the evidence that supports the tree of life?
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-differneces and similiarites in DNA sequences
-molecular evidence -fossil -anatomical & development |
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Advantages of multicellular animals?
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-can specialize
-1 cell doesn't determine whether the cell lives or dies -colonies can collect more food -colonies can control internal environment -colonies can act as a coordinated unit |
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Trace fossils
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evidence of biological disturbances
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When is the cambrian time frame?
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542-488 million years ago
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What are the parts of the animal body plan?
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1. tissues
2. symmetry 3. body cavity 4. development 5.segmentation |
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What does Eumetazoa have?
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has distinct and well defined tissues and can specialize in mor than 1 function
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Parazoa
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lack defined tissues and organs
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What doesn't have symmetry?
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sponges
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What are the types of symmetry and what do they do?
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-bilateral symmetry
-radial symmetry and they help body movement |
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What are the 3 germ layers?
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ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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What produces the 3 germ layers?
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Eumetazoa
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What happens in the body cavity?
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-organs can form
-organs can move more freely |
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Microevolution
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genetic changes produce variation which is acted upon by natural selection
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macroevolution
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the same evolutionary processes sustained over long periods of time can result in speciation events
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Protostomes
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develop mouth first from the blastopore
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Deuterostomes
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develop the anus first from the blastopore
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Protostomes split into what 2 groups?
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Lophotrochozoa-grow by adding mass to an existing body ( ex worms)
Ecdysozoa- grow by molting |
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Where does segmentation occur and advantages?
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-chordats
-anthropods -annelids better body movement |
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what is an immature egg?
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germinal vesicle
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Cortical reaction
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fusion of egg and sperm membrane
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Karyogamy
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the 2 pronuclei fuse to form a zygote
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Blastula
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hollow centered cell stage
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cortical reaction
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cortical granules fuse with the plasma membrane & release contents under the vitelline evelope
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Where did the development of animal phyla come from?
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Cambrian
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traditional phylogeny of major animal phyla is based on what?
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adult morphology and body plan
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Difference between sea urchin egg and mammal egg
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sea urchins have a jelly layer around the egg
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What release the recognition mechanism in sea urchin fertilization
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the egg
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binding and triggering mechanisms are a form of what
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gametic isolation
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What does contact between egg and sperm trigger
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acrosomal reaction
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What are the 2 mechanisms in sea urchins that prevent polyspermy
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1. Fast block- change in membrane potential
2. cortical reaction- coritcal granules fuse with the plasma membrane and release contents under the vitellin envelope |
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What is Fast block
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influx of sodium rapidly increases the influx and causes other sperm not to be able to meet it
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Steps of Cortical reaction
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1. fusion of sperm and egg plasma membrane
2. triggers release of intracellular calcium (fast block) 3. exocytosis of cortical granules 4. vitelline envelope lifts and hardens into fertilization membrane |
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What does sea urchin blastulation involve?
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cleavage- the division of cells without the growth
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what is the name of the sea urchin larvae?
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pluteus
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What does a common trend do?
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expand in number then specialize in the function
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Who noticed homology in the early stages
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Karl Ernst Von Baer
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modern synthesis could explain what and not what?
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could explain survival of the fittest but not the arrival of the fittest
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
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budding
regeneration |
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Hox genes
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specify body pattern and axis formation, leading to the developmental similiarities across animals
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What is the source of all inherited trait info?
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genomes
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clues to evolutionary relationships?
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fossils
embryonic development morphology structure of proteins genes sequences |
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yolk distrubution in reptiles
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large body of acellular yolk creates an incomplete cleavage pattern in which the dividing cells form an embryo on top of the yolk
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sea urchin yolk distribution
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limited yolk is evenly distributed throughtout the egg cytoplasm so the cleavage is complete with the fertlized egg dividing in an even pattern (radial cleavage)
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What symmetrical pattern does ecdysozoans have?
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idiosyncratic cleavage pattern that is neither radial nor spiral
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synamorphy of triploblastic
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existence of 3 cell layers in embryos
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Examples of diploblastic animals
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placozoans
ctenophores cnidarians |
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What are protostomes and deuterostomes called?
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bilaterians
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4 key features where variation can be seen in a body plan
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symmetry of the body
structure of the body cavity segmentation external appendages |
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What do sessil do?
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drift with water currents
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What is bilateral symmetry strongly correlated with?
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cephalization- concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissues in the head and end of the animal
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What are the 3 types that animals can be divded into?
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acoelomate
pseudocoeoomate coelmate |
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example of acoelomate
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flat worms- lack an enclosed fluid filled body cavity
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how do most invertebrates reproduce?
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asexually
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Types of asexual reproduction
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budidng-many multicellular use it. grows by mitotic cell division and detaches itself
regeneration-replacement of a piece of the body can regenerate a complete individual ex echinoderms parthenogensis- in arthropods. is the development of offspring from an unfertilized egg |
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epiboly
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process when ectoderm extends around the embryo's surface
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archenteron
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primitive gut and completely surrounded by the endodermal tissue
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ventral lip
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entrance of more surface cells
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what does ectoderm form?
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skin, sensory organs, nervous system, brain, eye, mouth, hair, and nails
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What does Endoderm form?
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digestive and respiratory system
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what does mesoderm form?
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skeleton, muscles, gonads, reproductive system
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Gametogensis produces what?
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haploid gametes thru meitic cell division
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Gametes haploid/dipolid
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haploid
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Process of Meiosis:
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1. diploid cell (2n)
2. DNA replication (sister chromatids) 3. Meiosis I (reductional division) separates the homologous chromosomes and become haploid now Meosis II: (equational division) get separated and all different combo of genes and lead to genetic diversity |
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Process of oogensis
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goes thru mitosis:
1. female germ cell (2n) 2. oogomism (2n) 3. primary oocyte (2n) is the last stage of the embryo 4. secondary oocyte (1n) 5. oolid (1n) 6. ovum (egg) |
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What is similar to the jelly coat but apart of the mammalian egg?
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zona pellicida
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Blocks of Polyspermy in mammals
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no membrane depolarization
calcium influx does occur and cortical granules fuse with egg membrane. enzymes destroy the sperm binding molecules in the zona pellucida |
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What happpens when an egg is activated?
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sharp rise in calcium, increases the rate of cellular respiration, and protein synthesis to get prepared for cell division
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What does the sperm provide?
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haploid nucleus and genetic material
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dioecious
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species has separate male and female members
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What are the 2 poles
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vegetal-forms internally
animal-forms externally |
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What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
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low gentic diversity
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animals with an amniote egg reproduce by
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internal fertilization
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polar body
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nonfunctional nucleus produced by meiosis during oogenisis
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copulation
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Reproductive behavior that results in a male depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of a female.
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spermatogonia
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the diploid progeny of a germ cell in males.
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