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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which bats do not echolocate?
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Megachiroptera, fruit bats (Pteropodidae). Except for genus Rousettus - clicks tongue against sides of mouth.
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What is world's smallest mammal?
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Bumble-bee bat 2g.
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Which two types of echolocations do bats use?
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Pteropodidae, Rousettus clicks tongue against the sides of the mouth;
Microchiroptera use laryngeal echolocation. |
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What is the oldest fossil of bat?
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Icaronycteris, 55 MYA.
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In bats, what determins flight speed and manouvrability?
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Wingshape.
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What shape of wings do fast flying bats have and what advantages and disadvantages does it give (shape, wing loading, manoeuvring)?
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Fast flying species have long narrow wings. Little drag on wings confers efficient flight. Have high aspect ratio, high wing loading - carry much weight per unit wing area. Low manoeuvrability. Efficient in open areas.
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Which life style do bats with low aspect ratio and low wind loading have and why?
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They live in forests, because low loading confers slow flight, and the ability to turn in small volumes of space. High manoeuvrability needed in cluttered space.
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Which wavelengths of echolocation in bats allow detection of small objects?
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High frequencies and short wavelengths.
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What style of foraging in bats is referred to as gleaning?
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Bats that catch prey not on flight but on the ground, from surfaces.
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Echolocation is ineffective in complex surfaces for gleaning bats. What other sense do they use?
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Hearing, they have very large ears to listen to prey-generated sounds.
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What are six preferable food types for bats? (-ivory).
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-Frugivory
-Insectivory -Nectarivory -Piscivory -Carnivory -Sanguivory |
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What type of food is preferred by a bulldog bat?
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Piscivory. Fish.
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How many species of vampire bats (sanguivory) are there?
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Three species.
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Desmodus rotundus is a mammal of which order?
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Chiroptera. It is a vampire bat.
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What is reciprocal altruism?
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In bats, small groups of females associate in roosts. If one female is unsuccessful in obtaining blood, others will regurgitate. The favour will be returned later.
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Bats are heterothermic. How do they cope with unsuitable environmental conditions?
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Bats enter torpor. They hibernate. Up to 12 days. Arouse periodically to feed.
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Describe social behaviour and organisation of Gibbons.
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Gibbons are monogamous, live in pairs, up to four immature offspring live with their parents.
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Describe social behaviour and organisation of bush babies.
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The ranges of several related females and their offspring overlap, males occupy larger areas that include the ranges of several females.
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Describe social behaviour and organisation of gorillas.
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Gorilla groups comprise a single breeding male with a harem of females together with their young.
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Describe social behaviour and organisation of yellow (common) baboon.
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They live in multi-male troops with several breeding males and many breeding females. Include non breeding mature males.
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Describe social behaviour and organisation of gelada baboons.
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Live in multi-male troops with several breeding males and many breeding females. These groups exclude nonbreeding mature males.
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Describe social behaviour and organisation of chimpanzees.
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In chimpanzees communities of unrelated females with individual home ranges, but considerable overlap, are monopolised by groups of related breeding males.
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What is the closest living relative of primates?
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Order Dermoptera, 2 spp of flying lemurs or colugos.
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Which other two orders of Euarchonta are related to primates?
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Scandentia and Dermoptera.
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When did the Euarchonta (Primates, Scandentia and Dermoptera) arose?
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87.9 MYA.
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When did Scandentia, Dermoptera and Primates separated?
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Scandentia separated from Euarchonta 86.2 MYA. Primates separated from Dermopterans 79.6 MYA.
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How did teeth of primates evolve to to current shape?
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Early spp were insectivorous, with primitive triangular shaped molars, then became more omnivorous, with square and bunodont molars to facilitale crushing food.
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What is omnivore?
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"Eating everything" - are species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source.
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What is bunodont?
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Having cheek teeth with low, rounded cusps on the occlusal surface of the crown, as in mammals with mixed diet, such as swine and humans.
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Name three trends in primate evolution.
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Eyes faced forwards - overlaping visual fields and stereoscopic vision.
Cerebellum enlarged - allows more precise muscular movements. Cerebrum enlarged - associated with evolutions of greater mental powers. |
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Name primitive primate features and retention of these in prosimians.
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Lemurs retain long snouts. Most of claws have become nails. Most molars still triangular, hints of becoming bunodont. Binocular field: 114-130 (monkeys - 140-160 degrees).
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Who gets into suborder Anthropoidea?
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Monkeys, humans, apes.
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Name features of suborder Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes, humans).
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Mainly diurnal, fairly flat faces devoid of fur. Can sit on haunches. Have large brains.
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Name two infraorders of suborder Anthropoidea.
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Platyrrhini (flat nose) and Catarrhini (narrow nose).
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Name three families of superfamily of Hominoidea.
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Great apes, gibbons, hominids.
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What are our closes living relatives?
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Gorilla, common shimpanzees, bonobo, orang-utan.
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By what is social organisation of primates determined?
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By distribution of food.
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What determines monogamy to occur?
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If food is concentrated into areas that are small enough to be defended effectively.
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What might underlie what distinguishes humans from other primates?
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Rapid evolutionary changes in gene expression levels in our brain. Rapid changes in transcription factors.
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Which of the following continued lineage that led to humans: a.robustus, A.boisei, homo habilis?
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Homo habilis.
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Built up the lineage of homo sapiens spp, starting with A. aferensis.
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A. aferensis, H. habilis, H.erectus, H.sapiens.
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What suggests that australopithecines were monogamous?
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Their fossils are not as sexually dimorphic as fossil apes.
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What are the oldest specimens of homo?
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Homo habilis 1.9 mya.
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By which ancestral spp of humans were the first tools used?
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Homo habilis.
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What are important differences in genes between chimps, macaques and humans?
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Differences in genes involved in hair formation,
immune response, membrane proteins, sperm-egg fusion. |
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What in genetical terms is the key feature of primate evolution?
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Gene duplication (having an extra copy of a gene).
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What is Toumai?
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It is a fossil skull of a Sahelanthropus tchadensis, human ancestor. 320-380 mya. Suggested bipedalism,Thicker tooth enamel than apes.
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Name some ancestors of humans.
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis 320-380 mya,
Orrorin tugenensis 6 mya, Ardipithecux ramidus 4.4 mya, Australopithecus anamensis 4.1 mya, Australapithecus afarensis 3-3.9 mya (Lucy). Confirmed bipedalism, Australopithecus africanus 3.5 mya, Homo habilis 1.5-2 mya, Homo erectus 1.5 mya, Homo sapiens 100,000 ya. |
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Describe australopithecines features.
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Small canines, rounded tooth row, theeth covered with enamel, many spp about 1.2 m tall, cranial capacity - 430-500 cm3.
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Briefly describe H.erectus.
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1.7 m tall, cranial capacity 730-1220cm3, evidence of group living extensive tool use, fire.
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What was the first hominid to be found outside Africa?
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H.erectus.
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When and where does H.sapiens first appear in fossil record?
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100,000 ya in Africa and Israel.
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Name two hypothesis for evolution of modern humans.
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- The multiregional hypothesis
- The replacement hypothesis. |
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Describe Multiregional hypothesis of evolution of modern humans.
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H.sapiens evolved concurrently in Europe, Africa and Asia, with sufficient gene flow among populations to maintain continuity as one species.
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Describe replacement hypothesis of evolution of modern humans.
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Out of Africa hypothesis. H.sapiens evolved only in Africa, it then spread through the world in a second invasionout of Africa, replacing local forms descended from H.erectus without hybridisation.
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Which modern human evolution theory predicts that H.sapiens replaced H.neanderthalensis, so 2 should be different species with large genetic differences?
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The replacement theory.
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What is FoxP2? And why it is important?
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Gene that codes for a transcription factor that might regulate development of function of neural circuits in brain regions, e.g. cortex, cerebellum, inferior colliculus.
Important because the first unambiguous link between gene mutation and a developmental disorder of speech and language. |
