Mammal Specifics

Front 1

Carnassial Teeth

Back 1

Slice & tear flesh, in hyaenas they are used to crush bone.

Front 2

Carnivore Jaw Structure

Back 2

Large Temporal Muscle & Coronoid process w/ Small Masseter, jaw function up & down only.

Front 3

Mandibular Fossa

Back 3

Articulation of the jaw which provides the direction the jaw can move.

Front 4

Mandibular Fossa Types

Back 4

C-Shaped for unidirectional force or flat to allow for chewing.

Front 5

Rodent Jaw Structure

Back 5

Minimized Temporal Muscle, Coronoid process absent & enlarged Masseter for chewing. Jaw can move side-to-side.

Front 6

Sciuromorphic Jaw

Back 6

Large flat muscle attachment surfaces & zygomatic plate. (Squirrels)

Front 7

Myomorphic Jaw

Back 7

Masseter passes through enlarged infraorbital foramen & inserts onto the rostrum. (Mice)

Front 8

Hystricomorphic Jaw

Back 8

Known for massive infraorbital foramen. (porcupines)

Front 9

Simple mandible, masseter insertion below lower cheek teeth, & angular process line with the jaw

Back 9

Sciurognathous Lower Jaw

Front 10

Flanged/Ridged mandible, insertion below & behind lower cheek teeth, deflected angular process

Back 10

HystricognathousLower Jaw

Front 11

Defining Primate Features

Back 11

Nails, opposable digits, forward facing eyes, reduced muzzle, increased brain size,

Front 12

Arboreal Theory

Back 12

Features of a primate are geared towards moving through trees and picking up objects with their hands.

Front 13

Strepsirini defining features

Back 13

post-orbital bar, rhinarium & peccinate lower incisors.

Front 14

Haplorhini defining features

Back 14

post-orbital plate, spatulate incisors,simple nostrils w/ rounded cranium.

Front 15

General Ungulate Features

Back 15

hooves, calcanium non-articulated with the fibula, cursorial, hypsodont teeth.

Front 16

Perissodactyl digestion

Back 16

hind gut fermenters w/ enlarged cecum.

Front 17

Non-ruminant Artiodactyls

Back 17

Suidae & Tassiuridae

Front 18

Artiodactyl Digestion

Back 18

Ruminant (4 chambered) & Simple (Omnivore)

Front 19

Perissodactyl Foot structure

Back 19

odd toed (1 or 3) enlarged 3rd digit which is the weight bearing axis

Front 20

Artiodactyl Foot structure

Back 20

even toed (2 or 4) fused 3rd & 4th digits which is the weight bearing axis

Front 21

Artiodactyl & Perissodactyl locomotion

Back 21

cursorial, on the tips of their toes (digitigrade)

Front 22

Antlers

Back 22

Not permanent, shed yearly, covered in velvet

Front 23

Horns

Back 23

Permanent, bony core covered in keratinized sheath

Front 24

False horns

Back 24

Ossicones attached to the skull of the giraffe, covered by skin.

Front 25

Lagomorph dentition

Back 25

Possess 2 pair of upper incisors, teeth completely enameled, ALL teeth are ever growing.

Front 26

Rodent dentition

Back 26

Single pair of upper and lower incisors, enamel only on the exterior, only incisors are ever growing.

Front 27

Cetacean Modifications

Back 27

fusiform body, absent hind limbs, flippers, fluke & fins, no external pinnae, elongated skulls with nostril(s) on the top.

Front 28

Cetacean Thermoregulation Adaptations

Back 28

Low Surface Area:Volume ratio, Blubber & counter-current circulation.

Front 29

Cetacean Pressure Adaptations

Back 29

Dense non-compressible bones, semi-rigid lungs capable of collapsing, & cell difference.

Front 30

Rorqual

Back 30

Whale with a tube throat (Balaenopteridae)

Front 31

Baleen

Back 31

Keratin plates that continuously grow with frayed elements which overlap and filter small plankton/nekton from water.

Front 32

Echolocation

Back 32

Produced with nasal sacs & at a lower frequency than bats, specialized tympanic bones.

Passes through the melon & returns through the lower jaw - only in odontocetes.

Front 33

gulping

Back 33

expansion of throat grooves allows the whale to actively suck in large portions of water for food.

Front 34

Skimming

Back 34

passively swimming through water and filtering all that pass through the baleen plates.