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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The first step in the scientific method is:
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Observation
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In the scientific method, the following steps are taken
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Observation, hypothesis, prediction, test (experiments), analysis
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What is a hypothesis?
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An educated guess
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What must occur before a prediction can be made?
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A hypothesis must be developed
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In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
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The dependent variable is always what you are going to measure
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The scientific method cannot:
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a. Make moral judgments
b. Prove or disprove faith-based beliefs c. Determine aesthetic values |
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An individual cell is:
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a. The basic unit of life
b. A self-contained unit c. Bacteria is an example d. A specialized unit in a multi-cellular organism |
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When a single-cell organism reproduces:
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Two genetically identical cells are produced
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Multicellular organisms reproduce by:
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a. Producing seeds
b. Through the joining of eggs and sperm |
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What does DNA stand for?
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a. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Genetic material (DNA) is:
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a. Passed from parents to offspring.
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As organisms develop, they:
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a. Use DNA as a blueprint
b. Grow and propagate themselves c. Develop and grow in complexity |
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All organisms collect energy from their environment in order to grow
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a. Some use the energy of sunlight to convert light into chemical energy
b. Some use the energy captured by other living organisms (a consumer) |
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Humans are highly organized. They have:
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a. Organ and tissue systems
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All organisms sense and respond to danger by:
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a. Many organisms have multiple senses
b. Some organisms have senses other than human senses. |
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A species is:
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a. A group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring
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Characteristics of a species that change over time is caused by:
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a. Evolution
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Characteristics of an individual that change over time is caused by:
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Adaptation
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Biological hierarchy moves in sequence:
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a. From an individual -> to a population -> to a community -> to an ecosystem -> to a biome -> to a biosphere.
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A population is:
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A group of similar organisms or individuals
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A community is:
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a. A group of different species living/interacting in a certain area
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An ecosystem is:
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a. Several communities and their physical environment
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Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy:
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a. Plants
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Harvests energy developed by producers (ie. Eats the producers)
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Consumers
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An evolutionary tree is:
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a. A summary of the relationships of groups of organisms
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The White Footed Mouse and the Deer Mouse were examples of two species that:
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a. Have overlapping ranges (sympatric)
b. Do not interbreed c. Resembled the other species |
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All dogs, no matter how large or small:
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Can interbreed.
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Opposable thumbs of the panda versus the chimpanzee:
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a. Evolved independently
b. Is a convergent feature c. Not from a common ancestor |
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What is the correct order for Linnaean Hierarchy?
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a. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Eukarya (eukaryotes) includes which kingdoms:
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a. Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
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An atom is this:
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a. Simplest building block
b. Smallest unit of an element |
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Of what are atoms composed?
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a. Negatively charged electrons
b. Positively charged protons c. Neutral neutrons d. 3 subatomic particles |
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Where are protons and neutrons located?
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a. Contained in the nucleus
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When an electron is lost, what is generated?
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a. An ion.
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When sodium (Na) with 1 electron in its outer shell and chlorine (Cl) with 7 electrons in the outer shell interact, what type of bond forms between them?
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a. Ionic.
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What is included in the atomic number?
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a. The number of protons.
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What is included in the mass number?
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a. The total of protons and neutrons
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What is an element that has a different number of neutrons than expected called?
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a. An isotope.
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When is an atom is stable?
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a. When the outer shell is filled.
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A _____ bond involves the sharing of electrons whereas the _____ bond involves the transfer of electrons.
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a. Covalent ….. ionic
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What do hydrogen bonds do?
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a. Hold molecules together
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What number is missing from the following formula?
3H2 + N2 → _____ NH3 |
a. 2
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How do acids and bases differ?
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a. Acids donate hydrogen ions
b. Bases accept hydrogen ions |
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At what pH does life’s chemistry occur?
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a. pH 7.0
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What organisms have the enzyme required to metabolize cellulose?
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a. Bacteria, fungi and some protists
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What are the parts of a nucleotide?
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a. A sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base
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Who developed a model that explained the shape and function of DNA?
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a. Watson and Crick
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65. Whose x-ray diffraction image was essential to understanding the shape of the DNA molecule?
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a. Rosalind Franklin
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DNA is _____ into RNA which is ______ into a protein.
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a. Transcribed ….. translated
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When DNA makes a copy of itself, it does it through what mechanism?
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a. Replication
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What are the building blocks of DNA called?
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a. Nucleotides
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How many nitrogengous bases are there?
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a. Four
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What holds the two strands of DNA together in the helix?
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a. Hydrogen bonds
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What are the building blocks of proteins called?
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a. Amino acids
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How many different amino acids are there?
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a. Twenty
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What are the parts of an amino acid?
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a. Central C, amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group
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Why do some animals eat meat?
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a. Because that animal has converted cellulose into a usable amino acid
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In order to form a protein, amino acids are linked in what type of bond?
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a. Peptide bond
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What determines the folding and shape of the protein?
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a. Primary structure: the sequence of the amino acids.
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What holds the alpha helixes and pleated sheets in their shape?
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a. Hydrogen bonds
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When considering the requirements of life, what is the cell?
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a. The basic unit of life
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What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
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a. It separates a cell from its environment
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Of what does the plasma membrane consist?
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a. A lipid bilayer
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The proteins embedded in the plasma membrane serve what function?
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a. Allows the membrane to be selectively permeable.
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How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic one?
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a. Much smaller and little internal organization
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Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
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a. In the nucleus
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What is included in a eukaryotic cell that is not in a prokaryotic cell?
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a. Membrane bound organelles with specialized functions
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What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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a. Makes proteins on the ribosomes
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What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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a. Makes lipids and membranes
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
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a. Processes new proteins and lipids and “ships” them to their destination.
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What is the purpose of the lysosome?
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a. Contains enzymes to break down damaged macromolecules.
b. Releases simple sugars, amino acids and fats to be recycled. c. Destroys invading bacteria |
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How is the vacuole used?
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a. Breaks down substances
b. Stores chemicals for later use c. Fills with water to provide rigidity. |
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Which organelles are not found in animals?
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a. Central vacuole and chloroplasts
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What other structure is not found in animals?
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a. Cell wall
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What other structure is not found in animals?
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a. Cell wall
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When larger molecules cross the plasma membrane through a protein carrier or a channel, it is called:
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a. Facilitated diffusion
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During which form of transport is the energy of ATP required?
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a. Active transport
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When two ions or molecules move across a membrane in the same direction, what type of transporter is used?
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a. Symporter
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When two ions or molecules move across a membrane in the opposite direction, what type of transporter is used?
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a. Antiporter
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When water moves across a membrane passively, what is this called?
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a. Osmosis
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Substances are carried in transport vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the substance from the cell. What is this called?
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a. Exocytosis
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When the plasma membrane invaginates to form a pocket and then pinches off to include fluids or other molecules, it is called:
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a. Endocytosis
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What are totipotent cells ?
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a. Produce a complete viable organism
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Pluripotent cells have the potential to do what?
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a. Differentiate into nearly all cells
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How do cells communicate with distant cells?
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a. By hormones
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In animals, how do neighboring cells communicate?
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a. Through gap junctions
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In plants, how do neighboring cells communicate?
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a. Through plasmodesmata
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The junctions between cells in the intestine ensure that a leak proof connection is made; it is called:
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a. A tight junction
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Where do hormones travel in order to communicate with another cell?
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a. In the sap of plants or animal blood.
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The purpose of moving solutes or protons against a concentration gradient is to do this function:
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a. Build a concentration gradient
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When solutes move from low to high concentration, what form of transport is used?
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a. Active
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When solutes move from high to low concentration, down a concentration gradient, what form of transport is used?
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a. Passive
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What do ALL cells have?
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a. Plasma membrane
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The double membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts formed during this process:
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a. Endosymbiosis
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How is it most likely that eukaryotic cells evolved?
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a. Larger prokaryotes ingested smaller prokaryotes.
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Of the three types of cytoskeleton, which one is the smallest?
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a. Microfilament
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In some organisms, a specialized microtubule beats like a whip. It is called:
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a. Flagella
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In some organisms, there are altered forms of microtubules that all beat together in unison like oars. They are called:
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a. Cilia
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Of the three types of cytoskeleton, which one is the thickest?
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a. Microtubule
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What is one purpose of the microtubule?
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a. Radiating out from the nucleus, they serve as tracks for vesicle movement.
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Of the three types of cytoskeleton, which one is the thickest?
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a. Microtubule
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What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
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a. Gives the cell its shape.
b. Is responsible for movement |
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What double membraned organelle converts CO2 and H2O into sugar using light for energy?
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a. Chloroplast
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What double membraned organelle harnesses energy to produce ATP?
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a. Mitochondria
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Which organelles are not found in plants?
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a. Lysosomes and centrioles
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Excessive irrigation of agricultural lands leads to what?
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a. Aquifer depletion, subsidence, soil salinization and saltwater intrusion
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Water resource problems fall into 3 categories. What are they?
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a. Too much, too little, poor quality
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What is the pH value of pure water?
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a. pH 7.0
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When water molecules stick to a surface it’s called:
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a. Adhesion
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When water molecules stick together, and resist rupturing, what is that property called?
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a. Cohesion
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What does it mean when we say water has a high specific heat capacity?
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a. It takes a large amount of energy to heat one gram of water one degree C
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What factors cause water to float when frozen?
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a. It freezes at 0°C but is most dense at 4°C
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Water is unique because of what properties?
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a. Only common substance occuring in the natural environment in all three physical states: solid, liquid, gas.
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Of all the water on earth, how much is found in lakes and rivers and is available for plants and animals?
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a. 0.036%
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What percentage of water on earth is in the oceans?
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a. 98%
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How much water do both plant and animal cells contain?
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a. 70-95%
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Where did life first evolve for 3 billion years?
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a. In the water
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What are the characteristics of an unsaturated fat?
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a. Come from plants and are liquid at room temperature
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What are the characteristics of a saturated fat?
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a. Come from an animal and are solid at room temperature
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How are lipids used?
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a. Long term, very high energy storage
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How does the long hydrocarbon chain of a lipid react with water?
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a. It is very hydrophobic
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What carbohydrate is not intended to be metabolized?
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a. Cellulose
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What is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world?
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a. Cellulose
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What forms of polysaccharides are intended to be stored and metabolized for energy?
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a. Starch and glycogen
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The exoskeletons of arthropods, crustaceans, and insects are made of what polysaccharide?
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a. Chitin
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What is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells called?
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a. Glycogen
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What is the storage form for excess glucose in plants called?
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a. Starch
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When glucose and fructose combine through dehydration synthesis, what forms?
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a. The disaccharide sucrose
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When two sugars are combined, water is produced. This process is called what?
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a. Dehydration synthesis
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What are 2 examples of polysaccharides?
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a. Starch and glycogen
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Sucrose is and example of what type of carbohydrate?
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a. Disaccharide
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Glucose and fructose are examples of what type of carbohydrate?
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a. Monosaccharides
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What is the most abundant biomolecule?
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a. Carbohydrates
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Biomolecules are composed mainly of what elements?
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a. Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
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What is the Bromothymol Blue that we used in lab?
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a. pH indicator
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What does a buffer do?
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a. Maintains a pH within narrow limits
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