Biology 101 Exam 1

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Individual uniqueness

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there will never be another living organism exactly like me. exception: identical twins

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Mendel's First Law

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Law of Segregation. Happens during gamete formation

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Mendel's Second Law

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Independent assortment
inheritance pattern of one does not affect the other.

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Haploid

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a cell containing a single set of chromosomes.

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Diploid

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a cell that contains two homologous sets of chromosomes

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Autosome

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any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

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Sex Chromosome

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a chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female.

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Gametes

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a haploid reproductive cell (sperm or egg)

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Alleles

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any of the alternate forms of a gene

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Dominant allele

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the allele that is fully expressed in the heterozygote.

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Recessive allele

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an allele whose effects are masked in heterozygotes by the presence of a dominant allele.

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Heterozygous

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the condition of having two different alleles for a given gene.

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Meiosis

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the division of a single diploid nucleus into four daughter nuclei.
results in haploid gametes

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Mitosis

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the division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

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Chromosome Crossover

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in humans: multiple crossovers, 5 or more, increase gamete variabilities

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Monozygotic twin

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indential, occurs when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote which then divides into two separate embryos.

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Dizygotic twin

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fraternal twin, twins that are derived from two separtely fertilized eggs.

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Commonality of life

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same building blocks are used for constructing biological molecules, same genetic code is used, same biosynthetic processes and machinery is used, same enzymes serve as catalysts for smilar biological reactions

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Transcription

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the first stage of gene expression in which a mRNA molecule is synthesized from a sequence of DNA.

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Translation

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the synthesis of a polpeptide using the genetic information encoded in a mRNA molecule.

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Genetic code

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the set of rules that govern the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in mRNA and amino acids in a protein.

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Nucleotide

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an organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phoshate group.
they are building blocks of nucleic acids.

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Virus

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a noncellular particle that consists of a protein coat surrounding a strand of genetic material.

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Genetic engineering

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the isolation, maipulation, and reintroduction of DNA into cells or organisms.

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Mutation

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a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal Recessive)

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a genetic diease that occurs when two copies of a recessive allete is present. it is characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus.

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Genetic disorders

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the harmful effect produced when a detrimental allele occurs in a human population

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Mutation

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a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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Tay-Sachs

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a fatal genetic disorder that results in the accumulation of gangliosides in neurons

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Nondisjunction

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abnormal chromosomal movement

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Genetic testing

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possible because of the genetic code

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Somatic cells

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Body cells

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Totipotent

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can become another individual

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Pluripotent

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all types of cells (220)

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Blastulation

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the blastocyst has passed from the fallopian tube into the uterus and is now called an embryo

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Unipotent

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can only be self (skin cells)

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Stem cell

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cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst that retain the capacity of differenctiating into any cell type

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Inner cell mass (Embryo)

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early development stage of an organism that is produced from a fertilized egg

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IVF procedure

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stimulation for ovulation
oocyte retrieval
in vitro fertilization
in vitro embryo development
uterine implantation

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

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remove nucleus from an adult cell
remove the nucleus from the recipient egg
transfer the nucleus into the egg
remaining producdure-IVF

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Protandry

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starts off as male and becomes a female Clown fish

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Protogyny

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starts off as female and become a male Wrasses

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CAIS Explain this disorder

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Marilyn Seville-XY chromosomes-but her gene that encodes for the testosterone receptor is either missing or mutated.
xy genotype
testosterone receptors mutated
x linked recessive
female phenotype

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CAH Explain this disorder

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mutation in a gene that encodes an enzyme necessary for the metabolism of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland. ex- christine has female geniltalia internally, but has male geniltalia externally

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multipotent

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bone marrow, any one of a certain type

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Trophoblast

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where embryo gets nutrients, Placenta

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SRY gene

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a gene on the y chromosome known as the sex determining region y gene, becomes active at around six weeks after fertilization. activate genes to guide their development into testes.

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Coding capacity of the human genome

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22,000 genes
Protein Coding Sequences 1.5%
Non Coding Sequences 97%
Regulatory Sequences 1.5%
99.9% identical

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Testoterone

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testes, adrenal gland. development of male internal and external genitalia, reduces breast development, triangular body shape, promotes body and facial hair

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Estsradiol

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ovaries, adrenal gland, breast. development of female internal and external geniltalia. hour glass shape, breast development, reduces facial and body hair

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Averageness

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is more attractive then individuals

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Operational sex ratio

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favors males bc females are only able to produce during fetal devlopment

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Intersexual

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female choice

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Intrasexual

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male-male competition

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Two fold cost of sex is referred to as..

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sexual reproduction

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Human eggs are produced

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only during fetal development

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The SRY gene encodes a transcriptional factor, which binds to DNA to induce the synthesis of...

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proteins

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Androgen insensitive syndrome is due to mutation in the ____ gene

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testosterone receptor

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The external genitalia of congenital adrendal hyperplasia are mostly

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male

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Junk DNA

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98.5%

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What are the causes of genetic disorders?

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mutation

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Calculate Possible zygote combo

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z= p+m
(8.4x10^6)x(8.4x10^6)= 70 trillion

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Fraternal multiple births are created by

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multiple egg and sperm

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Chromosome crossover takes place during

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meiosis 1

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Gregor Mendel used __ in his breeding study

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Garden peas

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Gregor Mendels research on genetics was

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ignored for 35 years

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The model organios that was used by Thomas Hunt Morgan to study genetics was

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fruit fly

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The double helix structure of DNA allows for

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accurate replication
proofreading
error checking
repair
all of the above

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The building blocks of proteins are

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amino acids

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Genetic Engineering is possible, mostly because of the use of

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universal genetic code

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Most recessive traits are due to __ mutation

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loss of function

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There are 6 billion bp in the human ___ genome

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diploid

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In the current DNA sequencing technology, the fragment size for accurate sequence determination is __ bp

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500

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Embroyonic stem cells are derived from

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bone marrow