Biochemistry Final

Front 1

Definition of Biochemistry:

Back 1

The study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms

Front 2

Definition of an atom:

Back 2

The smallest component of an element that still has original properties - consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a charged cloud of electrons.

Front 3

Proton:

Back 3

Particle in the nucleus with a positive charge of +1 and an atomic mass number of 1 dalton

Front 4

Neutron:

Back 4

non-charged nuclear particle with the same mass as the proton

Front 5

Electron:

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Negatively charged particle with a mass 1/1837 of that of a proton

Front 6

Element:

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A substance that

a) cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

b) is composed of atoms all of which have the same number of protons in nucleus.

There are 92 natural occurring elements that have been discovered

Front 7

What is the most common element in the universe? What is the second most common element in the universe?

Back 7

1) Hydrogen

Followed by:

2) Helium

Front 8

What element provides the basic structure of all organic compounds?

Back 8

Carbon

Front 9

What element is represented by the chemical symbol "C"?

Back 9

Carbon

Front 10

Atomic Number and Electron outer shell of Carbon?

Back 10

Atomic number: 6

Electron Outer Shell: 4

Front 11

Atomic Number and Electron outer shell of Oxygen?

Back 11

Atomic number: 8

Electron outer shell: 6

Front 12

What element is part of most classes of biological molecules; and required in aerobic metabolism?

Back 12

Oxygen

Front 13

What element has the Chemical symbol "O"?

Back 13

Oxygen

Front 14

What is the Atomic Number and Number of Outer Shell Electrons for Hydrogen?

Back 14

Atomic Number: 1

Number of Outer Shell Electrons: 1

Front 15

What element is represented by the chemical symbol "H"?

Back 15

Hydrogen

Front 16

What element is abundant in biological molecules? This element's ionic form (H+) is also important in many ways...

Back 16

Hydrogen

Front 17

What element is represented by the letter "N"?

Back 17

Nitrogen

Front 18

What is the atomic number for nitrogen? What is the number of outer shell electrons?

Back 18

Atomic number: 7

Outer Shell electrons: 5

Front 19

What element is important in the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, and many other types of molecules?

Back 19

Nitrogen

Front 20

What Element has the chemical symbol "S"?

Back 20

Sulfur

Front 21

What is the atomic number and number of outer shell of electrons in Sulfur?

Back 21

Atomic number: 16

Outer shell electrons: 6

Front 22

What element is an important part of cysteine, an amino acid in many proteins?

Back 22

Sulfur

Front 23

What element is represented by the chemical symbol "P"?

Back 23

Phosphorus

Front 24

What is the atomic number and number of outer shell electrons for Phosphorus?

Back 24

Atomic number: 15

Outer Shell Electrons: 5

Front 25

What element is a component of nucleic acids; important part of cell membrane molecules called phospholipids; part of ATP the universal energy molecule?

Back 25

Phosphorus

Front 26

What is the chemical symbol for Iron?

Back 26

Fe

Front 27

What is the atomic number and number of outer shell electrons for Iron?

Back 27

Atomic number: 26

Outer shell electrons: 2

Front 28

What element is a central component of hemoglobin?

Back 28

Iron

Front 29

What is chemical energy?

Back 29

The potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical substances

Front 30

Chemical reactions:

Back 30

usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds. Oxidation, reduction, dissociation, synthesis, acid-base neutralization and molecular rearrangement are some of the commonly used kinds of chemical reactions

Front 31

A molecule is two or more atoms linked by a ____________________.

Back 31

chemical bond

Front 32

If atoms are sharing electrons, then the bond between them is __________________.

Back 32

covalent.

Front 33

If an atom gives up an electron to another atom, then they have an______________.

Back 33

Ionic bond.

Front 34

Hydrogen bonds result from:

Back 34

electrostatic attraction between an electronegative atom (O or N) and a hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently to a second electronegative atom (strong surface tension of H20).

Front 35

Definition of a compound:

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A substance with a particular ratio of atoms of particular chemical elements which determines its composition, and a particular organization which determines chemical properties. These include: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins.

Front 36

Definition of ion:

Back 36

A charged species, an atom or molecule, that has lost or gained one or more electrons.

Front 37

Definition of a cation:

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Positively charged ion

Front 38

Definition of an anion:

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Negatively charged ion

Front 39

Solution:

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A homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase.

Front 40

Solute/Solvent

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A solute is a substance dissolved in another substance known as a solvent.

Front 41

A substance that produces hydronium ions (H+) when dissolved in water is an

Back 41

Acid

Front 42

A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water (H20).

Back 42

Base

Front 43

A PH of 7.0 is

Back 43

Neutral

Front 44

A solution with a lower pH (1-6) is

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Acidic

Front 45

A solution with a higher pH (8-14) is

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Basic

Front 46

Characteristics of Acids

Back 46

Release H+

Taste sour

React strongly with metals (Zn + HCl)

Are dangerous and can burn your kin

Turn red litmus paper blue

Front 47

Characteristics of Bases

Back 47

Accept H+

Taste bitter

Denature protein - feel slippery

Can be very dangerous and can burn your skin

Turn blue litmus paper red

Front 48

What are the four main classes of (bio) macromolecules?

Back 48

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Front 49

Carbohydrates are made from what kind of monomers?

Back 49

Monosaccharides

Front 50

Glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), and deoxyribose (C5H10O4) are what classification of sugars?

Back 50

Monomers/monosaccharides

Front 51

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose are

Back 51

Disaccharides

Front 52

What is sucrose made up of?

Back 52

glucose + fructose

Front 53

What is lactose made up of?

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Glucose and galactose

Front 54

What is maltose made from?

Back 54

Glucose + glucose

Front 55

What breaks down sucrose, lactose, and maltose respectively?

Back 55

sucrase, lactase, and maltase

Front 56

_____________ is made by plants and is an important structural component of their cell walls.

Back 56

Cellulose

Front 57

Cellulose and chitin are examples of ______________ _______________ composed of glucose molecules

Back 57

structural polysaccharides

Front 58

_______________ is an animal carbohydrate; humans ad other animals use it as a form of energy storage.

Back 58

Glycogen

Front 59

Glycogen is the analogue of _________, a glucose polymer and energy storage in plants, having a similar structure to amylopectin (a component of starch - broken down by amylase).

Back 59

starch

Front 60

The liver can regenerate glucose from glycogen using a process called ________________.

Back 60

gluconeogenesis

Front 61

______________ are usually made from one molecule of glycerol combined with other molecules.

Back 61

lipids

Front 62

What is the main group of bulk lipids?

Back 62

triglycerides

Front 63

What are triglycerides made of?

Back 63

One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

Front 64

In the case of triglycerides, fatty acids are considered what?

Back 64

monomers

Front 65

When fatty acids are found in triglycerides the may be in two forms. What are these forms?

Back 65

saturated (no double bonds)

unsaturated (one or more double bonds)

Front 66

What two fatty acids are considered essential?

Back 66

Linolenic and linoleic

Front 67

_______ comprise a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or non polar compounds of biological origin

Back 67

Lipids

Front 68

Waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) and terpenoids (retinoids and steroids) all belong to what category?

Back 68

Lipids

Front 69

What is the name for lipids solid at room temperature?

Back 69

Fats

Front 70

What is the name for lipids which are liquid at room temperature?

Back 70

Oils

Front 71

How are lipids broken down in the digestive system?

Back 71

By lipase (aided by bile)

Front 72

In animals, when there is an oversupply of dietary carbohydrate, the excess carbohydrate is converted to what?

Back 72

Triglycerides

Front 73

How are excess carbohydrates converted to triglycerides? What is this process called?

Back 73

Involves the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and the esterification of fatty acids in the production of triglycerides. This process is called lipogenesis.

Front 74

What hormone stimulates lipogenesis?

Back 74

Insulin

Front 75

What do Lipoproteins, synthesized by the liver, accomplish?

Back 75

Transport endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol.

Front 76

Lipoproteins circulate through the blood continuously until the TGs they contain are taken up by peripheral tissues or the lipoproteins themselves are cleared by the liver. What are examples of these lipoproteins?

Back 76

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Front 77

___________ are very large molecules - macro-biopolymers - made from monomers called amino acids?

Back 77

Proteins

Front 78

There are _____ standard amino acids in the human body. ____ amino acids are considered essential in the adult human.

Back 78

20

8

Front 79

When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a ________________, or protein.

Back 79

polypeptide

Front 80

Ingested proteins are usually broken up into single amino acids or dipeptides in the small intestine by these enzymes in the small intestine....and then absorbed.

Back 80

proteases

Front 81

What is the "nitrogen or amino acid pool"?

Back 81

A grand mixture of amino acids available in the cell derived from dietary sources or the degradation of protein.

Front 82

When is a nitrogen balance achieved by a healthy person?

Back 82

When the dietary intake is balanced by the excretion of urea wastes.

Front 83

Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life and include (2 names)

Back 83

DNA and RNA

Front 84

Alcohol is metabolized by several processes or pathways. The most common of these pathways involves what two enzymes?

Back 84

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

aldehydedehydrogenase (ALDH)

Front 85

Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropyl, Glycerol, Menthol, Xylitol, Mannitol, and Sorbitol are all types of what?

Back 85

Alcohols

Front 86

___________ is the metabolic reaction cells undergo to extract energy

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Catabolism

Front 87

____________ is the metabolic reaction cells undergo to construct new compounds and requires energy

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Anabolism

Front 88

What is the Glycemic Index (GI)?

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A ranking of carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood sugar levels after eating.

Front 89

Foods with a high GI are those which

Back 89

are rapidly digested and absorbed and result in marked fluctuations in blood sugar levels

Front 90

Low-GI foods are those which

Back 90

by virtue of their slow digestion and absorption, produce gradual rises in blood sugar and insulin levels.

Front 91

____________ are molecules that accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions

Back 91

Enzymes

Front 92

During enzymatic reactions the molecules at the beginning of the process are called___________ and the enzyme converts these into different molecules called _________.

Back 92

substrates, products

Front 93

Most enzymes are_________

Back 93

proteins

Front 94

Enzymes may be aided by ____________ or ____________.

Back 94

cofactors, coenzymes.

Front 95

___________ and __________ can serve as precursors to many organic cofactors

Back 95

Vitamins and minerals

Front 96

Define isotope

Back 96

Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons

Front 97

Define molecules

Back 97

Distinctive structures composed of atoms that are chemically bonded to each other. Each kind of compound is composed of molecules that have a particular number and arrangement of atoms

Front 98

Chemical formula: H2 O

Back 98

Water

Front 99

Chemical formula: C O2

Back 99

Carbon Dioxide

Front 100

Chemical formula: N H3

Back 100

Ammonia

Front 101

Chemical formula: C6 H12 O6

Back 101

Glucose (Sugar)

Front 102

Chemical formula: C3 H7 OH

Back 102

Rubbing alcohol

Front 103

Describe the arrangement of the periodic table of elements:

Back 103

Elements are arranged in a series of rows (or periods) so that those with similar properties appear in vertical columns. Elements of the same period have the same number of electron shells; with each group across a period, the elements have one more proton and electron and become less metallic. Elements are represented by a chemical symbol, with atomic number and mass number.

Front 104

Define energy:

Back 104

An attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure.

Front 105

When is a reaction said to be exothermic?

Back 105

If the reaction releases heat to the surroundings

Front 106

When is a reaction said to be endothermic?

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the reaction absorbs heat *from* the surroundings

Front 107

Chemical symbol: Na

Back 107

Sodium

Front 108

What is the atomic number and number of outer shell electron for Sodium?

Back 108

Atomic number: 11

Outer shell electron: 1

Front 109

What is the function of sodium?

Back 109

Important in sodium/potassium pumps in cell membranes of nerve cells and muscle cells; important in many physiological aspects such as maintenance of osmotic balances

Front 110

Chemical symbol: Ca

Back 110

Calcium

Front 111

Atomic number/Outer shell electron number

for Calcium

Back 111

Atomic number: 20

Outer shell electrons: 2

Front 112

What is the function of calcium

Back 112

Abundant in bones; important in nerve function and muscle function

Front 113

Chemical symbol: K

Back 113

Potassium

Front 114

Atomic number/Outer electron shell:

Potassium

Back 114

Atomic number: 19

Outer electron shell: 1

Front 115

Chemical symbol: Cl

Back 115

Chlorine

Front 116

Atomic number/Outer shell electron :Cl

Back 116

Atomic: 17

Outer shell electron: 7

Front 117

Function of Chlorine

Back 117

Important ion in many solutions of living things

Front 118

Chemical symbol: I

Back 118

Iodine

Front 119

Atomic numer/ Outer shell electrons: Iodine

Back 119

Atomic: 53

Electrons: 7

Front 120

Function of Iodine

Back 120

Trace element, but critical component of vertebrate thyroid hormone

Front 121

Chemical symbol: F

Back 121

Fluorine

Front 122

Atomic number/Outer shell electrons: Fluorine

Back 122

Atomic number: 9

Outer shell electrons: 7

Front 123

Function of Fluorine

Back 123

Trace component in bones and teeth

Front 124

Chemical symbol: Zn

Back 124

Zinc

Front 125

Atomic number/Outer shell electrons: Zinc

Back 125

Atomic number: 30

Outer shell electrons: 2

Front 126

Function of Zinc

Back 126

Trace element; part of some enzymes