Biochem Ii Exam 2

Front 1

Describe the metabolic process of Glycolysis

Back 1

Uses glucose and other hexoses to produce ATP, pyruvate and NADH

Front 2

Describe the metabolic process of Gluconegenesis

Back 2

Use ATP to maintain glucose metabolism and produce pyruvate

Front 3

Describe the metabolic process of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

Back 3

Continues metabolism of glucose →Pyruvate→Acetyl Co A to produce precursors for Biosynthesis, ATP, and NADH for the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Front 4

Describe the metabolic process of Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Back 4

Creation of protons gradient using NADH+ from Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

Front 5

Describe the metabolic process of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 5

Production of ATP using Protein Motive Force*

Front 6

Describe the metabolic process of Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

Back 6

Uses glycolytic intermediates to produce NADPH, pentose phosphates (R5P), and biosynthetic precursors.

Front 7

Describe the metabolic fate of Glucose-1-phosphate (G1P)

Back 7

1) Combines with UTP to make UDP-glucose

2) Produced by glycogen phosphorylase

3) Isomerized by Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) to G6P

Hint 7

G1P + UTP → UDP-glucose

G1P → G6P

Front 8

Describe the metabolic fate Erythrose-4-phosphate

Back 8

1) E4P + X5P ⇌ F6P + GAP

2) S7P + GAP ⇌ E4P + F6P

3) Steroids and Lipid biosynthesis*

Hint 8

Embarrassed Xenophobic Fairies Grinned

SEVEN Giants Ate Fish

Front 9

Describe the metabolic fate Oxaloacetate

Back 9

1) CAC: Condensed with Acetyl Co A to make Citrate by Citrate synthase (CS)

2) Malate ⇌ OAA by malate dehydrogenase (MDH)

NAD+ Used

NADH+ Made

3) OAA + glutamate ⇌ αKG + aspartate

4) NEO:

Produced from Pyruvate by Pyruvate Carboxylase (PC)

ATP Used

ADP + Pi Made

Hint 9

Enter, for the Money, Officer

Qutamate Keeps aspartate New on the PC with energy

Front 10

Describe the metabolic fate Acetyl Co A

Back 10

1) Prep Step: Pryuvate →Acetyl Co A

2) Enters CAC by condensation* with OAA

3) Produced by Fatty Acid metabolism

Hint 10

CAC

Front 11

Describe the metabolic fate Pryuvate

Back 11

1) Ends Glycolysis; Begins Gluconeogenesis

(Transported to the Mitochondria)

2) Made from PEP by Pryuvate Kinase (PK)

3) Decarboxylated to Acetyl Co A

4) Under Aerobic Conditions: 3 CO2→ 3 H2O

Under Anaerobic Conditions:

Pyruvate → Lactate

Pyruvate → Ethanol

Front 12

Write out Isomerization Mechansims of the CAC

Back 12

Aconitase

Citrate ⇌ Isocitrate

(H20 Made)

Hint 12

Can I Have Water?

Front 13

Write out all the reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) where two isomers are interconverted

Back 13

Ribulose 5 P ⇌ Ribose 5 P

Ribulose 5 P ⇌ Xylulose 5 P

Hint 13

Two Ribulose rxn

Front 14

Write out all the reactions for the CAC

Back 14

Can - Citrate

I - Isocitrate

Keep - αKG

Selling - Succinyl Co A

Sex - Succinate

For - Fumarate

Money - Malate

Officer - OAA

Front 15

Write out all the reactions of the CAC that produce reducing power for the use in cellular respiration

Back 15

isocitrate ⇌ αKG

(NAD→ NADH + H+)

αKG ⇌ succinyl Co A

(NAD → NADH + H+)

succinate⇌fumarate (FAD → FADH2)

malate ⇌ OAA

(NAD → NADH + H+)

Hint 15

2,3,5&7 are Nice and Fun

Front 16

Which reactions produce reducing power in CAC

Back 16

2, 3, 5 & 7 reactions

(2) I

isocitrate ⇌ αKG (NAD→ NADH + H+)

(3) Keep

αKG ⇌ succinyl Co A (NAD → NADH + H+)

(5)Sex

succinate⇌fumarate (FAD → FADH2)

(Fun)

(7) Money

malate ⇌ OAA (NAD → NADH + H+)

Hint 16

I Keep Sex (Fun) and Money (Nice)

Front 17

Give the OVERALL reaction for the CAC

Back 17

Acetyl Co A + 3NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + H20→ 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + 2H + ATP + CoA

Front 18

Write the OVERALL reaction for the metabolism of glucose to produce 30 ATP

Back 18

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 30 ATP

Front 19

Give the schematic representation of glycolysis and the PPP, including enzymes and intermediates

Back 19

Glycolysis + PPP

Hint 19

Drawing with transketolase and transaldolase

Front 20

Give each of the four modes of the PPP.

Give an example of the conditions that cause each of the of the modes to operate.

Back 20

Mode 1: F6P ↔ R5P

Need GAP

NonOx: ON

Ox: OFF

Mode 2: G6P →R5P

Need NADPH

NonOx: Variable

Ox: ON

Mode 3: F6P ←R5P → GAP

Need NADPH

(NEO) Running in direction of Glycolysis

NonOx: ON

Ox: ON

Mode 4: F6P ← R5P → GAP

Need NADPH & ATP

Feeding to Pyruvate, CAC, ETC,OX Phos → HTP

NonOx: ON

Ox: ON

Front 21

Describe purpose of Oxidative Phase in PPP

Back 21

Reactions are irreversible, glucose is oxidized and turned to pentose. Creating reducing power (NADPH) and releasing CO2

Front 22

Describe purpose of Non Oxidative Phase in PPP

Back 22

Allows for productive of R5P without NADPH

Front 23

What are the 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration

Back 23

1) Glycolysis (Anaerobic)

2) Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic)

3) Electron Transport Chain (Aerobic)

Front 24

Give the schematic representation of cellular respiration, including the starting materials, products, cellular location, the ETC complexes and the ATP synthase.

Back 24

CAC: Releases NADPH to Complex I and FADH2 to Complex II

Front 25

Draw and label the ATP synthase subunits

Back 25

ɣ the "key" that links the C ring to the α and β, also links H+ flow to action of the catalysis

A Subunit channels H+ from outside to inside thru C-ring deprotonation

C Ring contains aspartic midway down helix which protonates to outside membrane and deprotonates to interior membrane, moving c-ring around and ɣ gets moved

α is a structural support on ɣ

and β

β is location of active site ADP → ATP

Front 26

Write out all the reactions of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate shunt

Back 26

G6P→6Pgluconolactone by G6PDH using NADP+

6Pgluconolactone ⇌ 6Pgluconate by lactonase using H2O

6Pgluconate→ Ribulose5P by 6PGDH using NADP+ releasing CO2

Ribulose5P → R5P

Isomerization

Ribulose5P → X5P

Epimerization

Front 27

Write out all the reactions of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate shunt

Back 27

Ribulose5P → R5P

Isomerization

Ribulose5P → X5P

Epimerization

R5P + X5P→ S7P+ GAP by transketolase (TK)

S7P+ GAP→ E4P + F6P by Transaldolase

X5P + E4P→ GAP + F6P by transketolase

Front 28

Write out all the reactions of CAC that produce ATP

Back 28

Succinyl Co A ⇌ Succinate + Co A

ADP + Pi Used

ATP Released

Hint 28

Selling Sex = Energy

Front 29

Write out all the reactions of the glycoxylate cycle

Back 29

Hint 29

Similiar to CAC with addition of glycoxylate and extra Acetyl Co A

(Keep Selling is skipped)

Front 30

Describe the function of the glycoxylate cycle

Back 30

Allows conversion of Acetyl Co A to Glucose

Front 31

Give the reactions of the glycogen breakdown and their regulation in:

a) the liver

b) muscle

Back 31

Insulin turns on B form of Glycogen Phosphorylase

Epinephrine signals thru Beta- adrenergic (muscle & liver)

Glucagon signals high phosphorylase (mostly liver)

Front 32

Give the prep step for the CAC, including enzymes, reactions, and regulation of the step.

Back 32

Overall rxn:

(Mito) Pyruvate + Co A + NAD →Acetyl Co A +CO2 +NADH + H

by PDHC

1)Pyruvate→hydroxylethylTPP + CO2

TPP and (2) H Used

Decarboxylation by E1= PDH

(2) hydroxylethylTPP → acetyl-lipoamide

Lipoamide Used

TPP Released

Oxidation by E1= PDH

3) acetyl-lipoamide + CoA-SH →Acetyl Co A + dihydrolipoamide

Transacylation by E2= dihydrolipoyltansacetylase

4a) dihydrolipoamide → lipoamide

FAD used

FADH2 released

E3

4b) FADH2→ FAD

NAD used

NADH + H released

E3= dihydrolipoyl DH

Hint 32

In Mitochondria

Front 33

Give the reaction in CAC that produces FADH2

Back 33

succinate ↔ fumarate

FAD used

FADH2 released

Hint 33

Sex = Filthy

Front 34

Write out the regulated reactions of the CAC, including enzymes

Back 34

1) isocitrate ⇌ αKG

ISDH regulated

ADP ↑

ATP ↓

NADH ↓

αKG⇌ succinyl Co A

αKGDH complex regulated

ATP↓

NADH ↓

Succinyl Co A ↓

2) OAA + Acetyl Co A ⇌ Citrate

Allosteric regulation by OAA bind

Hint 34

I Keep ISDH with low energy and reducing power

Keep Sex αKGDH everything low

Officer Can Start Over BIND

Front 35

Give the reaction(s) of transketolase

Back 35

E4P + X5P ⇌ GAP+F6P

S7P+ GAP ⇌ X5P+ R5P

Hint 35

EX GAP FISH

SEVEN GAP EX R5

Front 36

Give the reaction(s) of transaldolase

Back 36

E4P + F6P ⇌ S7P + GAP

Front 37

Give the reactions of glycogen synthesis and describe their regulation in

a) liver

b) muscle

Back 37

Glycogen breakdown is activated by ℗ of phosphorylase

Glycogen synthesis is inhibited by ℗ of glycogen synthase

Step 1)

G6P ⇌ G1P

by PGM

Regulated by epinephrine

Step 2)

G1P ⇌ UDP- glucose + PPi

by UGPP

UTP added

Breakdown:

Glycogen → (Glycogen) n+1

Glucose added

Glycogen → (Glycogen) n-1

Glucose released

Regulation:

Glycogen Synthase A

NOT phosphorylated

Active Form

(-) glucagon

(+) insulin

Mostly in Liver

Glycogen Synthase B

INactive

(+) Epinephrine

Mostly in Muscle

Front 38

Describe the difference in glycogen synthase a and glycogen synthase b

Back 38

glycogen synthase a:

NOT phosphorylated

Active

(-) glucagon

(+) insulin

Mostly in Liver

glycogen synthase b:

INactive

(+) Epinephrine

Mostly in Muscle

Hint 38

A is ACTIVE

L(iver) is before M(uscle)

The INActive needs energy

Front 39

Describe the metabolic dispostiton of the CAC in each of the following conditions:

a) At Rest (Inactivity)

b) During Exercise

c) Following a meal

d) During starvation

Back 39

A)

ATP ↑

CAC [ON]

B)

ADP↓

CAC [ON]

C) FED = High Blood Sugar

ATP↓

CAC [ON]

D) STARVED = Low Blood Sugar

ATP↑

CAC [OFF]

Hint 39

Middle low energy

STARVE OFF

Front 40

Describe the metabolic dispostiton of the glycogen metabolism in each of the following conditions:

a) At Rest (Inactivity)

b) During Exercise

c) Following a meal

d) During starvation

Back 40

A)

Epinephrine NOT a factor

Insulin↑ ( B form)

Glucagon↑ ( A form)

Liver: (-) glucagon regulation

B)

BOTH: Epinephrine & glycogen signals breakdown

Glycogen synthase↓

Muscle:

Phosphorylase B ( T→ R State)

C)

Glycolysis [ON]

Glycogen Synthesis [ON]

Glycogen Breakdown [OFF]

ATP ↓

Insulin ↑ = Phosphorylase (B)↓

D)

GlucoNEOgenesis [ON]

(Liver) Glucagon ↑ = Glycogen Breakdown ↑

Liver Response:

Glucagon (Starvation)

Insulin (Fed)

Muscle Response:

Epinephrine (exercise vs rest)