Biochem Ch 1: Biochem And The Unity Of Life (Notes)

Front 1

How do we articifially create human protein?

Back 1

Bacteria

Front 2

Hierarchy of Life

Back 2

Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

Front 3

Four Classes of Biomolecules

Back 3

Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

Front 4

List of Functional Groups!

Back 4

Alkane/enes
Phenol
Amine
Alcohol
Phosphate
Aldehyde
Ketone

In Lipids - Ester
In Proteins - Carboxylic Acids and Amide
Very Rare in Biomolecules - Alkynes, Ethers, halides

Front 5

Structure and Function of Proteins

Back 5

Amino Acids with peptide bonding
Function as enzymes and structure

Front 6

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids

Back 6

Nucleotides with phosphodiester bonding
Function as genetic coding

Front 7

Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

Back 7

Mono/polysaccharides
Function as energy/structure

Front 8

Structure and Function of Lipids

Back 8

Long aliphatic hydrocarbon chains
Function as membrane, storage, signalling

Front 9

Structure and Function of Amino Acids

Back 9

Amino + alpha carbon with 1)carbonyl and 2) R group
Function as basic unit of proteins

Front 10

Structure and Function of Nucleotides

Back 10

Consist of 5-C sugar, a 1-2 ring nitrogenous base, and 1+ phosphate groups.
Function as basic unit of nucleic acids

Front 11

Are proteins static?

Back 11

HECK NO
THEY'RE DYNAMIC/CONSTANTLY IN MOTION

Front 12

Levels of Protein Structure

Back 12

Primary - Number and sequence of Amino Acids
Secondary - Folding that results from intramolecular hydrogen bonding (alpha helix or beta pleated-sheet)
Tertiary - Globular structure that results from hydrophobic interactions (hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, disulfide bridges)
Quaternary - Bonding of multiple subunits (like amino acids) to form proteins! Same bonding as tertiary, but INTERmolecular.

Front 13

Examples of Polymers and their monomers

Back 13

Polypeptides (proteins) - Monomer: amino acids
Polysaccharides (carbz) - Monomer: monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids - Monomer: Nucleotides
Lipids - Monomer: Fatty acids and Glycerol

Front 14

Alpha vs Beta Glucose

Back 14

Front 15

Ribose vs Deoxyribose

Back 15

Front 16

5 Biochemical Reactions

Back 16

Nucleophilic Substitution (hydrolysis) - Involves the attack of a nucleophile against a carbon with a good leaving group
Elimination - DOUBLE BOND FORMATION
Addition (hydration) - It's pretty freakin self-explanatory.
Isomerization - Intramolecular SHIFT (movement of pi bonds). NO net gain/loss of atomz
Redox - Transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor

Front 17

Describe redox in terms of Oxygen

Back 17

Oxidation is GAIN of oxygen
Reduction if LOSS of oxygen

Front 18

Describe redox in terms of Hydrogen

Back 18

OIL RIG
Oxidation is LOSS of hydrogen
Reduction is GAIN of hydrogen

Front 19

Describe redox in terms of electrons

Back 19

OIL RIG
Oxidation is LOSS of electrons
Reduction is GAIN of electrons

Front 20

Types of Biochemical Pathways

Back 20

Metabolic
Energy Transfer
Signal Transduction

Front 21

Types of Metabolic Pathways

Back 21

Catabolic - Break down of nutrient, generation of energy
Anabolic - MAKING of something

Front 22

How are biochemical pathways regulated?

Back 22

+/- feedback

Front 23

Traits of Carbohydrates

Back 23

1. General formula is (CH2O)n (twice as many Hydrogens as Oxygen/Carbon)
2. Can be aromatic or aliphatic
3. Polar/hydrophilic
4. Provide fewer calories/gram compared to fats/lipids

Front 24

Calories/Gram of fat, protein, carb, alcohol

Back 24

Fat = 9
Protein = 4
Carbs = 4
Alcohol = 7

Front 25

Lipophilic is the same as

Back 25

HydroPHOBIC

Front 26

Aliphatic vs Amphipathic vs Alipathic vs Amphoteric vs Amphiprotic vs Amphiphilic

Back 26

Aliphatic - straight chain; opposite of aromatic
Amphipathic and Amphiphilic - Contains hydrophilic and phobic parts;
Alipathic isn't a freaking word.
Amphoteric and Amphiprotic are the same - Able to react as an acid or base

Front 27

Traits of lipids

Back 27

1. Long alipathic chains
2. Generally insoluble in water (heavily non-polar)
3. Fat soluble (they're a TYPE of fat)
4. High energy content (9 calories/gram)
5. Also function as membranes, storage, and signalling

Front 28

glycerophospholipids are a type of...

Back 28

Lipid (no duh)

Front 29

Deoxyadenosine Monophosphate is a type of...

Back 29

Nucleotide

Front 30

Purines vs Pyrimidines

Back 30

GA are Purines - 2 ring
CTU are Pyrimidines - 1 ring
Also for funsies, AT form 2 hydrogen bonds, CG form 3

Front 31

Aspartate is a type of...

Back 31

Amino Acid
(Aspartic Acid)

Front 32

What's alanine?

Back 32

An alpha-amino acid

Front 33

Cleavage of an ester group with water is a ________ of an alcohol by water

Back 33

Nucleophilic Substitution
That was just a dumb way of describing hydrolysis

Front 34

Conversion of alanine to acrylic acid involves the __________ of the elements of ammonia

Back 34

Elimination

Front 35

Ammonia vs Ammonium

Back 35

Ammonium is a cationic derivative of ammonia

Front 36

Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to 2-phophoglycerate involves the _____________ to a double bond

Back 36

Addition (of water); hydration

Front 37

The reaction of succinate with glyoxylate to form isocitrate is an _____________.

Back 37

addition to a carbonyl group
also known as an ALDOL REACTION

Front 38

Conversion between gycleraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone as well as the conversion between fumarate and maleate are examples of ________

Back 38

Isomerization

Front 39

Examples of...

Back 39

Reduction
If you got this wrong, just give up now

Front 40

Example of...

Back 40

Oxidation
You're not worthy of anything if you missed this

Front 41

Examples of...

Back 41

Oxidation
Loss of Hydrogens
Gain of Oxygens

Front 42

Example of...

Back 42

Oxidation
Simplify to CH2O vs CO2
PER CARBON, it's a gain of oxygen and loss of hydrogen.

Front 43

Example of...

Back 43

Reduction
Loss of Oxygen

Front 44

Example of...

Back 44

Reduction
VERY basically involves the gain of a hydrogen

Front 45

Catabolism vs Anabolism

Back 45

Catabolism:
1. Begins with digestion of food (convert large to small)
2. Breaking down releases energy (helps in ATP SYNTHESIS)
3. Exergonic (Spontaneous, release electrons) - example is the reduction of NAD+ to NADH
4. Examples - Glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation

Anabolism:
1. Convert small to larger compounds
2. Endergonic (nonspontaneous) - ATP hydrolysis is coupled with endergonic reactions (reactions that require energy)
3. Provide energy by oxidizing NADPH to NADP+
4. Examples - gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis

Front 46

NADPH to NADP+ is an example of...

Back 46

Oxidation

Front 47

NAD+ to NADH is an example of...

Back 47

Reduction

Front 48

How do cells use energy?

Back 48

1. Cellular movement
2. Biosynthesis of more complex molecules (bond FORMATION is endergonic)
3. Active Transport

ATP hydrolysis (BREAKING of a bond) is exergonic, so it PRODUCES energy, not uses.