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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biochemistry
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The study of the chemical building blocks of living things
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Matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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Element
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a pure substance that has one type of atom
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Trace element
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elements essential to life but required in small amounts
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compound
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substances containing 2 or more elements chemically bonded together
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atom
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the building block of matter and the smallest possible particle of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element
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protons
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positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom
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electrons
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negatively charged particles in orbitals around the atom
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neutrons
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neutral particles in nucleus of atom
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nucleus
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the core of the atom; contains protons and neutrons
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atomic number
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number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element; defines the element
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mass number
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refers to the mass of atoms; the total of protons and neutrons
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bond
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forms between 2 atoms when the electrons in the outer orbital give themselves to another atom or share with another atom to fill or empty the orbitals of both atoms
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ionic bonds
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formed when one atom gives away all the electrons in its outermost orbital, emptying that orbital and filling that of the other atom and giving them opposite and attracting charges
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covalent bonds
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forms when atoms share the electrons in their outermost orbitals
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molecule
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molecules form when 2 or more atoms are held together by a covalent or ionic bond
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polar molecule
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a molecule where opposite ends have opposite charges
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hydrogen bond
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a weak bond between hydrogen and the positive ends of molecules
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cohesion
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attraction between like molecules
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adhesion
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attraction between unlike molecules
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surface tension
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cohesion on the surface of water that creates a filmy boundary
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solution
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a mixture of two or more substances
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solute
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a substance that dissolves into a solution
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solvent
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a substance that dissolves another substance
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aqueous solution
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a solution in which water is the solvent
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acid
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a substance that breaks apart to release H+ into a solution
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base
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a substance that breaks apart to release OH- into a solution
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pH
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a value on the pH scale that determines how acidic or basic a substance is
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organic molecules
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molecules containing C-H bonds
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inorganic molecules
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molecules not containing C-H bonds
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organic macromolecules
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really large molecules containing C-H bonds; found in living things
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monomer
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a small molecular subunit joined together into bigger molecules
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polymer
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a long chain of monomers joined together
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dehydration synthesis
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the reaction that joins monomers into polymers by removing water
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hydrolysis
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the reaction that breaks apart polymers into monomers
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carbohydrates
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an energy source for living things; starch, glucose, fructose, galactose, glycogen, cellulose
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monosaccharide
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a simple sugar that is used for quick energy
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polysaccharide
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a complex sugar that stores energy and is made up of monosaccharides
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lipids
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fats and steroids, hydrophobic, and made up of CHO
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glycerol
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the first building block of a fat that connects to three fatty acids
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fatty acids
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a CHO chain that joins with glycerol and two other fatty acids to make a fat
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proteins
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formed from combined amino acids put together in certain patterns; proteins form structures like nails, hair, muscle, etc.
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amino acids
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the monomers of proteins; made of CHON
amino acids:protein::yard:scarf |
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nucleic acids
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polymers that make up DNA and RNA and store and transmit genetic information
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nucleotides
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the monomers of nucleic acids; consist of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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enzymes
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a very important protein that helps speed up chemical reactions in the body
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denaturing
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the process in which heat or the introduction of an extreme pH deforms an enzyme and leaves it useless
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activation energy
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"start up energy"; activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction
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catalyst
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a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
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substrate
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a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
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active site
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the place of an enzyme where a substrate fits
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Chem. formula of water?
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H2O
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In a water molecule, which end has a negative charge? Which has the positive charge?
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The oxygen end is neg. and hydrogen end is pos.
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List the four life-supporting properties of water
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1. Cohesion/adhesion
2. temperature moderation 3. low density of ice 4. ability to dissolve other substances |
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Why does water have the life-supporting properties that it does?
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It is a polar molecule
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How do cohesion and adhesion affect life?
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1. Helps keep molecules organized
2. pulls h2o up a tree! 3. surface tension |
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How does sweating help you stay cool?
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Water absorbs heat and evaporates off skin, taking heat with it.
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How do hydrogen bonds help moderate temperature?
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It takes a lot more energy to heat up water than to heat up other things
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How is the solid form of water very different from that of other liquids?
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Less dense in solid form than in liquid form
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In terms of acids and bases, what is water?
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Neutral, pH of 7
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Compare and contrast acids and bases. How do they break down differently?
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Acids break into H+, bases into OH-.
pH below 7=acid, above=base acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, and turn pH paper orange/red. bases feel slippery, taste bitter, and turn pH paper green/blue |
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Why can carbon form such a wide variety of molecules?
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It has 4 bonding sites, can create carbon chains
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What 2 elements distinguish and organic molecule?
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hydrogen and carbon
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What is a functional group?
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A group that is linked to a carbon atom to form a large variety of organic molecules
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'mono--'
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'one'
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'di--'
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'two'
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'poly--'
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'many'
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'macro--'
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'large'
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'--mer'
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'unit'
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'--saccharide'
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'sugar'
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What are the 4 categories of organic macromolecules?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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How does dehydration synthesis work?
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Monomers are joined into polymers by removing water
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How is hydrolysis different from dehydration synthesis?
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It adds water and breaks polymers into monomers
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What do enzymes do that is especially important to the body?
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They speed up chemical reactions in the body, such as digesting food
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How many functions can a specific enzyme perform?
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One
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What are enzymes like after they assist with a reaction compared to before?
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They do not change
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What determines an enzymes function and why?
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Its shape--It is a protein
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What causes denaturing?
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Heat or and extreme pH
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How does denaturing happen and what does it do to an enzyme?
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High temperatures or an extreme pH affects the shape of an enzyme, leaving it useless
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What four elements make up most of living things?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON!)
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Give 3 examples of monosaccharides. Give 3 examples of polysaccharides.
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Mono: Glucose, fructose, galactose
Poly: starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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What makes up a fat?
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Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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When is a fat saturated? When is it unsaturated?
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1. When all fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
2. When at least one of the 3 fatty acids has a double-bonded carbon-carbon and doesn't have the maximum hydrogen atoms |
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What states of matter are saturated and unsaturated fats?
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saturated: solid (butter, lard, etc.)
unsaturated: liquid (oil) |
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Which is healthy and which is unhealthy: saturated and unsaturated fats?
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unsaturated: healthy
saturated: unhealthy |
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Steroids and fats are both part of which organic macromolecule group?
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Lipids
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What do steroids do?
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Chemical horomones, found in membranes around cells, chemical messengers
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What do fats do?
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Cushion organs, store energy for later use, and provide body w/ insulation
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What are 3 good examples of steroids?
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Estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol
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What atoms make up the monomers of each kind of organic macromolecule?
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Carbohydrates: CHO
Lipids: CHO Proteins: CHON Nucleic Acids: CHONP |
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What monomers make up the polymers in carbohydrates?
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Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose
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What monomers make up proteins?
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Amino Acids
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What analogy can you compare amino acids to proteins with? Why?
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Amino acids:protein::yarn:scarf
Unless amino acids are in the right shape, they cannot do anything |
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What functions can proteins perform?
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Form structures like hair, make up muscles, long-term nutrient storage, defend body from harmful microorganisms and control chemical reactions in a cell
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What monomers make up nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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What makes up a nucleotide?
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A ring-shaped sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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What atoms make up a nucleic acid?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate (CHONP)
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What function does nucleic acid perform?
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makes up DNA and RNA, stores and transmits genetic information
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What type of carbohydrates does your body use for quick energy?
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Monosaccharides
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What type of carbohydrates does your body use for energy storage?
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Polysaccharides
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As what molecule do plants store polysaccharides?
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Starch
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As what molecule do animals store polysaccharides?
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Glycogen
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What is cellulose and why is it important?
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It is a polysaccharide made of glucose monomers that serve as building blocks, protecting cells and stiffening the plant that contains it
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What does hydrophobic mean and how does it apply to lipids?
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Hydrophobic means water-resistant and it makes lipids avoid mixing with water, letting it act as a boundary that contains the aqueous content of cells
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What is cholesterol and why is it important?
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It is an essential steroid (lipid) that surrounds cells in the cell membrane and is that starting point of the creation of other steroids
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What are the three basic groups attached to the central carbon of an amino acid?
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The amino group, the carboxyl group, and the side group
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