Bio Week 1&2

Front 1

What is life?

Back 1

1. Order

Energy must be put into systems to maintain order

2. Uses energy

Movement, reproduction

3. Undergoes growth and development

4. Response to environment

5. Regulates itself

6. Reproduces

7. Adapts by evolutionary adaptation

Front 2

Emergent property

Back 2

Properties that arise when you combine/ interact with parts

Appear when you go up a level in biological organization

Front 3

Reductionism

Back 3

Understanding how the part works to figure out the whole

Aka the practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of phenomena that are held to represent a simpler or more fundamental level especially when this is said to provide a sufficient explanation.

Front 4

System

Back 4

A set of connected things or parts forming a whole

Take what we know about the parts to try and model the whole

Front 5

Eukaryotes

Back 5

Have nucleus

Use DNA

Single or multicellular

One domain: Eukarya

Front 6

Prokaryotes

Back 6

Use DNA

No nucleus

Always single celled

Two domaines: bacteria and Archara

Front 7

Transcription

Back 7

Copies a dna to rna

Front 8

Translation

Back 8

RNA to protein code

Front 9

Energy flow (in life)

Back 9

Transformed by photosynthesis & respiration

Transferred by metabolism and food chains

Lost as heat

Front 10

Chemicals in life

Back 10

Recycled

Absorbed and transformed by plant

Transferred through food chain

Return to soil through decomposition

Front 11

3 major domains of life

Back 11

Bacteria

Archaea

Eucarya

Front 12

For evolution to work traits must be

Back 12

Variable

Heritable (passed down)

*enviorments exerts selective pressure on the population

Front 13

Taxonomy done by;

Back 13

Morphology

DNA sequence

Other data

Front 14

Levels of biological organization

Back 14

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Population

Organisms

Organs and organs systems

Tissues

Cell

Organelles

Molecules

Front 15

Cohesion vrs adhesion

Back 15

Co - same type of molecules stick to each other (causes h2o to have high boiling temp)

Ad - h2o sticks to other polar molecules (trees pull up water as water sticks to walls it doesn't fall back down)

Front 16

Specific heat

Back 16

Amount of heat that must be absorb for 1 g of a substance to heat up by 1c

Why does h2o have such high specific heat?

Front 17

Enzymes

Back 17

Perform metabolism on smaller molecules

Front 18

Functional group

Back 18

Slight chemical modification

Ex.

Hydroxyl (OH)

Carbonyl

Carboxyl

Amino

...

All make substance more polar (expect methyl)

Front 19

Monomers (4 main types)

Back 19

Small molecules

Surgars

Amino acids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Nueotides

Front 20

Dehydration

Back 20

Stitches monomers together

Front 21

Hydrolysis

Back 21

Breaks down a polymer (many monomers)

Front 22

Carbohydrates

Back 22

Monomers = surgar

Vary by

-#of carbons

- where the carbonyl group is (co2)

- symmetry of OH around the carbons

Front 23

Monosaccharides

Back 23

"One surgar"

Open vrs closed form

Can rotate in open form, creating alpha (OH up) and beta (OH down) bonds

Front 24

Polysaccharides

Back 24

Examples

Starch -plants (1-4C Alpha linkage)

Cellulose (1-4C beta linkage)

Glucose - stored as glycogen (filled with branch points, more ends = quicker digestion.)

Front 25

Chiten

Back 25

Very polar

Lots of H bonds in parallel strands making it very strong

Ex. Crab shell

Front 26

Glycosidic linkage

Back 26

Caused by dehydration in carbohydrates

Front 27

Disulfide bridges

Back 27

SH bonds that lock part of a protein in place

Front 28

Collagen

Back 28

Foubd at the Quaternary structure of a protein

Made from three polypeptides (often alpha helices) that are intertwined (braided) together

Front 29

Xray crystallography

Back 29

Used to see shape of proteins

Front 30

For microscope you need

Back 30

Magnification

Resolution

Contrast

Front 31

3 main types of microscope

Back 31

Light microscope

Electron microscope

Front 32

Endomembrane theory

Back 32

How Eukaryotes came from prokaryotes

Herotrophic prokaryotes begian to eat it's own membrane (bring it inside cell)

Front 33

Nucleolar lamina

Back 33

Cytoskeleton that helps nucleus hold shape)

Front 34

Histones

Back 34

The proteins used to wrap/condense the chromatin

Front 35

Euchromatin

Back 35

Partly unwound and assesible dna

Front 36

Hetero chromatin

Back 36

Tightly wrapped dna

Front 37

Cytosolic ribosomes

Back 37

Proteins that go to mitochondria and chloroplast

Front 38

Cisterane

Back 38

Stacks of ____ make up ER

Front 39

Golgi made of

Back 39

Series I'd stacks called cicternae

(Cis - trans face)

Front 40

Phagocytois

Back 40

The process where lysomes merge with food value and breaks everything down.

Front 41

Autophagy

Back 41

Self eating

Front 42

Types of vacuoles

Back 42

Food and digestion vacuoles

Contractile vacuoles

-collect and expelled extra water

Plant vacuoles

-storage for molecules (defense compounds, ions)

ions)-can swell up with water pushing on wall and allow plant to stand