Bio Test 4 - Prokaryotes Only

Front 1

________ are microscopic, unicellular organisms that do not possess a nucleus. They are also known as ______. Their singular, circular chromosome is found in a region called ______. They are the most diverse and abundant life form on earth.

Back 1

Prokaryotes, bacteria, the nuceloid

Front 2

Name the prokaryotic shapes!

Back 2

Cocci, bacilli, spirals/ spirillum

Front 3

All prokaryotes have a ________, which maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment. The cell wall is made up of sugars called ______ and ____ which are collectively referred to as ________.

Back 3

cell wall, NAM and NAG, peptidoglycan

Front 4

One way to classify prokaryotes is by their cell wall and it's reaction to a ________.

A (-) stain has a thin _________ compared to a (+) stain. However, these have an _______, which a (+) one does not. This contains lipids which act as a toxin in some (-) bacteria.

Back 4

Gram Stain, peptidoglycan layer/ wall, outer membrane (OM),

Front 5

A good thing and a bad thing about being a G- bacteria

Back 5

Good: More antibiotic resistant Bad: more sensitive to osmotic pressure

Front 6

As compared with G- bacteria, G+, 4:

Back 6

have a thicker peptidoglycan layer, no outer membrane, more resistant to osmotic pressure, less resistant to anibiotics

Front 7

______ is an additional staining technique used to differentiate after a Gram _____ stain. These microbes have high mycolic acid (lipid) content in their cell wall. Examples in include _______ and M. leprae.

Back 7

Acid-fast stain, Gram negative, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 8

Technically acid fast molecules are Gram (), Although they show up as Gram ()

Back 8

Gram +, Show up as Gram (-)

Front 9

Preferred habitats of prokaryotes can serve as classifications:

______ means salt-loving

_______ means acid-loving

_________ lives in the gut/ intestine

________ lives in high-temps

Back 9

halophile

acidophile

coliform

thermophile

Front 10

_________ describes a bacteria that must have oxygen to survive, while ________ describes a bacteria that cannot have any oxygen

________, such as E. Coli, describes a bacteria that can survive in either

Back 10

obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe

facultative anaerobe

Front 11

________ refers specifically to organisms like ______ that synthesize their own food from sunlight.

Back 11

photoautotroph, cyanobacteria

Front 12

Some prokaryotes, mostly _____, have a semi-hard sticky layer of ________ around their cell wall called a ______. Their capsule functions to: 3

If the capsule is gooey-like, it is called _______. This layer contributes to ________

Back 12

G-, polysaccharide, Enable adherence to cells or substrate, protect against deisccation, protect against phagocytosis by WBC

slime layer, dental cavities

Front 13

Some prokaryotes have structures called _____ and _______ which are for attachment purposes. The _____ are also used for sexual reproduction, called ______.

Back 13

fimbrae, pilli, pilli, conjugation

Front 14

A word for bacteria that move is _______. Most propel themselves using _______. These are structurally and functionally different from the eukaryotic version.

Back 14

motile

flagella

Front 15

Motile bacteria exhibit _______, the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli. This is not the same as _________.

Back 15

taxis, Brownian motion

Front 16

A key characteristic of prokaryotes is that they lack ______. However, many have specialized _______ that perform various metabolic functions.

The typical prokaryotic genome is a single circular DNA located in the _______.

Back 16

organelles, cell membranes, nucleoid region

Front 17

Examples of specialized membranes includes respiratory membranes for aerobic prokaryotes and thylakoid membranes for photosynthetic prokaryotes.

Back 17

see other side

Front 18

Some species of bacteria also have extraneous smaller rings of DNA called _______. These can be transferred between DNA during ______ or ________.

Back 18

plasmids, conjugation or transformation

Front 19

Plasmids are classified according to ______:

R plasmids:

Virulence plasmids:

F plasmids:

Col plasmids:

Back 19

genes they contain

antibiotic resistance

virulence genes

conjugation gene

antibacterial gene (colicin)

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Front 20

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually every ______ by _______. This is similar to but not the same as mitosis. Mitosis divides the nucleus whereas fission divides the whole cell. The rapidity of fission facilitates quick evolution in prokaryotes.

Back 20

1-3 hours, binary fission

Front 21

Under _________, certain bacteria change or convert to metabolically and reproductively inactive form called a _______ or _______. These are resistant to harsh conditions and can remain viable for century. ______ and ______ are two genuses that form endospores.

Back 21

unfavorable conditions, endospore or spore, Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 22

________ causes anthrax

_______ causes Botulism

_______ causes tetanus

__________ causes gas gangrene

All of these are _______ bacteria

Back 22

Bacillus anthracis

Clostridium botullinum

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium perfringens

endospore-forming bacteria

Front 23

Anthrax spores can enter the body 3 ways:

Back 23

cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal

Front 24

T or F, prokaryotes only have one model of nutrition?

Back 24

F! They use all four models of nutrition

Front 25

__________ get their energy from the sun and their Carbon from CO2.

________ get their energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur and their carbon from CO2

Back 25

photoautotrophy

chemoautotrophy

Front 26

_________ get their energy from the sun and their carbon from organic sources, i.e. from eating other organisms

_______ get their energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur and carbon from organic sources

Back 26

photoheterotrophy

chemoheterotrophy

Front 27

Eubacteria, aka _____, have a cell wall made of __________/ ______. They are common, everyday microbes.

Archaebacteria, aka ______ have a cell made of _______ and are extreme condition microbes

Back 27

bacteria, peptidoglycan, murein

psuedomurein

Front 28

Both Archaea and eukarya possess ______ and __________. Both also have ______ and do not possess _______. Because of this, it is believed that _______ evolved from _______.

Back 28

introns, histones, circular DNA, do not have a nucleus

Archaea evolved from eubacteria

Front 29

6 functions of prokaryotes:

Back 29

nutrient recycling, mutualistic symbiont of animals, food for larger organisms, source of antibiotics, food and chemical productions (yogurt, ethanol, enzymes)

Front 30

In __________, both orgs benefit

In ___________, one org benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped.

In __________, one org benefits at the expense of a host

Back 30

mutualism

commensalism

parasitism

Front 31

Only about ______ percent of prokaryotes are human pathogens, many have positive interactions and most ________.

Back 31

1%, most are neutral

Front 32

_______ causes Lyme disease

________ causes syphilis

_________ causes toxic shock (MRSA)

________ causes tuberculosis

___________ causes the plague

_________ causes gonorrhea

Back 32

Borellia sp.

Treponema sp,

Staphylococcus

Mycobacterium

Yersinia

Neisseria

Front 33

Lyme Disease is caused by _______, bacteria that are transmitted by ______. Signs and symptoms include: 4

Back 33

Borrelia sps. Ticks, bull's eye red rash, flu-like symptom, joint pain, neurological problems (Bell's palsy, muscle weakness, fatigue)

Front 34

Syphilis is causes by _______. It has 4 stages, Primary, with a _____, Secondary _________, ________, which is asymptomatic, and Tertiary, when the patient develops ________.

Back 34

Treponema sps

chancre sore

non-itchy rash all over body

latent

gumas

Front 35

A gumma is:

Back 35

An area of bulbous inflamed tissue that does not heal, can be located on internal organs or external, often found on liver

Front 36

MRSA stands for ________. It is caused by strains of _________ that are resistant to _____ drugs, such as: 3

Back 36

Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus, S. aureus, beta-lactam drugs, methicillin, penicillin, oxacillin

Front 37

Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus starts out as ______ and quickly turns into ________, leading to ______ aka ________. The bacteria is not more virulent than normal strain, but due to resistance, it's hard to get rid of.

Back 37

small red bumps, deep, painful abscesses, sepsis (blood infection)

Front 38

Tuberculosis, historically known as _____ is caused by _________. __________ of the bacteria by macrophage forms hard _________ in the lungs, trapping but not killing the bacteria. Damage to tissue from too many of these results in death. Symptoms: 4

Back 38

fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, blood in sputum

Front 39

The plague is caused by ______ and comes in three forms:

_________ is transmitted via flea bite from rats, squirrels etc, leads to the formation of _____ aka _______.

Back 39

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicemic

Bubonic, buboes, lymph nodes inflammation

Front 40

________ is a form of the Plague transmitted via ________ and affects the lungs

________ is when the bacteria enters the blood stream

Back 40

Pneumonic, respiratory droplets

Septicemic

Front 41

Gonorrhea is caused by _________. It is usually diagnosed in _____, while _____ are typically asymptomatic. It can lead to: 3

Back 41

Neisseria gonorrhea, men, women are asymptomatic, Pelvic Infammatory Disease (PID), reduce fertility in both sexes, ectopic pregnancy

Front 42

Pathogenic prokaryotes cause disease by releasing _____ or ________.

Back 42

exotoxins, endotoxins

Front 43

Exotoxins are mostly made by ______. ______ made inside the cell are then excreted out (i.e. _______ or ______). These can elicit antibody production, an immune response and therefore can be __________.

Back 43

Gram + bacteria, Proteins, botulin, tetanin, vaccinated against

Front 44

Endotoxins are found only in _______. They are components of the ________ and are released only when ________. They do not elicit an immune response, which makes ___________.

Back 44

Gram (-), outer membrane (LPS), bacteria die and their cell walls break down, vaccination difficult

Front 45

A bacteria called _________ is able to clean up oil spills and is currently at work on the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf.

________ bacteria, found naturally in soil, electroplates _________, rendering it insoluable. Then the waste cannot contaminate groundwater. It can be used in nuclear spills.

Back 45

Alcanivorax

Geobacter, uranium

Front 46

Bacteria can also be used to recycle _______, discovered in 2008 by a Canadian Student.

Microbes named _____, found in animal waste, can produce the biofuel ______ by eating paper. Tulane developed a method for growing the cellulose-consuming microbes so they can produce fuel in the presence of O2.

Back 46

plastic

T-103, butanol

Front 47

______ is used to deliver drugs in cancer therapy because of its ability to target tumors. Professor Nigel Minton discovered that it will only grow in _______ environments, such as ____________. When injected with cancer drugs, the bacteria can help kill the tumor cells without affecting healthy tissue.

Back 47

Clostridium sporogenes, oxygen-depleted environments, such as the center of solid tumors.

Front 48

Mice fed with the probiotic ___________ showed reduced: 4

Back 48

lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1, stress, anxiety, depression-related behaviors, cortisol levels