Bio Lab Exam Ii

Front 1

Budding is:

Back 1

A form of asexual reproduction. It is mitosis with an uneven distribution of cytoplasm. After budding, the cell with lesser cytoplasm detaches and matures into a new organism.

Front 2

Fragmentation is:

Back 2

A form of asexual reproduction. The breaking of an organism into one or more pieces, each of which develops into a new individual.

Front 3

Conidiophores:

What phylum has them?

Back 3

Ascomycota

Modified hyphae that are longitudinal chains of beadlike conidia, which each contain one or more nuclei.

Condia form on the surface on conidiophores, in contrast to sporangia spores that form within.When released, they produce new orgs. Ex: Penicillium and aspergillus.

Front 4

Septa:

Coenocytic:

Back 4

Crosswalls in the hyphae of some species of fungus that separate nucleus and cytoplasm into individual cells. These are made of chitin (all fungi walls are). Cells with out septa are coencytic, aka multinucleated.

Front 5

What are these?

Back 5

Conidiophores! Here's aspergillus too:

Front 6

Hyphae:

Mycelium:

Back 6

Slender filament of cytoplasm and nuclei enclosed by a cell wall made of chitin. A mass of these together makes up a myceliu, aka a fungi.

Front 7

How do fungi digest? Do they have a stomach?

Back 7

The hyphae secrete enzymes for extracellular digestion and then absorb the nutrients. There is no internal digestion. They are called absorptive heterotrophs for this reason.

Front 8

Phototaxis:

Back 8

The orientation (and movement) of a plant toward the sun. Some fungi such as pilobolus exhibit this, the plant points in sporangia toward the sun.

Front 9

Dikaryotic:

Back 9

Having two nuclei in one cell. This happens almost only in fungi and is when two mating strains fuse their cytoplasms (plasmogamy) but no mixing of genetic material or reproduction yet takes place.

Front 10

monokaryotic

Back 10

a single nucleiated hyphae strand. Sexual reproduction begins when two of these mating strands cross, fuse and become dikaryotic. The hypae then grow and mingle with other monokaryotic hyphae to form a cup-shaped ascocarp that will eventually distribute spores

Front 11

saprophytes:

parasites:

Back 11

obtain food from dead organic matter (most fungi)

fungi that feed on living organisms

Front 12

Name that organism and it's phylum! Name 2 structures.

Back 12

Rhizopus! Phylum Zygomycota (Bread Molds)

Sporangium = head, sporangiophore = stem

Front 13

Name that organism and it's phylum! Name two structures.

Back 13

Rhizopus, Phylum Zygomycota (Bread Molds), Zygospore = dark center, Zygophore =

Front 14

Name that organism (2 names) and it's phylum!

Back 14

Yeast/ Saccharomyces. Phylum Ascomycota. Do not confuse yeast with algae - yeast is bigger and more egg-shapes.

Front 15

Name that organism and its phylum! Name 2 structures.

Back 15

Peziza, Ascomycota. Ascus are the little sacs that look like nuclei. They are filled with thousands of ascospores

Front 16

Name that organism and its phylum! Name 2 structures.

Back 16

Penecillium, Ascomycota. Conidia are the beads and conidiophores are the stems.

Front 17

Name that organism (2 names) and its phylum!

Back 17

Morel/ Morchella, Ascomycota. Here is a zoomed out photo:

Front 18

Where are the cap and gills?

Back 18

Front 19

Name that org and identify its cap and gills

Back 19

Puffball and psych! The distinguishing feature of a puffball is that they DO NOT have an open cap with spore-bearing gills. Spores are instead produced inside.

Front 20

What part of the mushroom is this?

Back 20

Gills

Front 21

A lichen is a ________ relationship between _________ and _______ or _________.

Back 21

symbiotic relationship

ascomycete (rarely other fungi), a photosynthetic alga (protist) or cyanobacteria (prokaryote)

Front 22

Name that lichen growth form! What phylum does the fungi come from?

Back 22

Cructose, Ascomycota

The thallus (Stem shoot) of a cructose is flat and 2-D, and grows close to the surface of hard substrate like rock or bark.

Front 23

Name that lichen growth form! What phylum does the fungi come from?

Back 23

Foliose, Ascomycota

Foliose adheres to the substrate, but some of the thallus peels and folds away from the substrate in small sheets.

Front 24

Name that lichen growth form! What phylum does the fungi come from?

Back 24

Fruticose, Ascomycota

3-D and grow away from their substrate with erect stalks. Tips are often sites for ascus formation.

Front 25

How can you tell whether Rhizopus is reproducing sexually or asexually?

Back 25

If it has sporangium and sporangiophores, it is reproducing Asexually. If it has zyosporangium and zygosphores, it is reproducing sexually.

Front 26

3 benefits of fungi:

Back 26

Decompose dead organisms and release nutrients into the environment, medicine like penecillin, food

Front 27

For fungi the only difference between a spore and gamete is function. Explain.

Back 27

They are physiologically the same, but a spore is packaged and ready to germinate into a new organism while a gamete needs to combine with another gamete before developing further.

Front 28

oogamy:

Back 28

the familiar form of reproduction: female egg is significantly larger and is non-motile. The male sperm is small and highly motile. Sperm compete to fertilize the egg.

Front 29

zygote:

Back 29

a eukaryotic cell formed by the fusion of two gametes. Turns into an embryo and then a fetus.

Front 30

isogamous:

Back 30

a form of sexual reproduction where both gametes look alike and are the same size and cannot be classified as male or female. They are instead classified as +/-

Front 31

syngamy

Back 31

the fusion of two cells, or their nuclei in reproduction

Front 32

sporophyte:

Back 32

A diploid stage for an alga or plant. When haploid egg meets haploid sperm, they make a zygote sporophyte, which has both sets of chromosomes.

Front 33

gametophyte:

Back 33

The haploid stage in the alternation of generations, it comes from a sporophyte and produces gametes that will eventually make new sporophytes

Front 34

alternation of generations

Back 34

A cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid stages in protists and plants

Front 35

fucoxanthin

Back 35

The pigment that gives brown algae (phaeophyta) their distinctive brown pigment

Front 36

alginic acid

Back 36

a hydrophillic substance derived from brown algae (phaeophyta) that are used as emulsifiers aka stabilizers in paint, ice cream, pudding mixes and cosmetics

Front 37

diatomaceous earth

Back 37

Layers of ancient diatom silica glass casings that densely accumulate in layers several hundred meters deep. Used for things like pool filters

Front 38

micronuclei:

macronuclei:

Back 38

One of two nuclei in many ciliates (Phylum ciliophora) such as paramecium. They give rise to macronuclei, which control cellular function and divide in asexual mitosis.

Front 39

pseudopod

Back 39

The unifying characteristic of amoebas (phylum rhizopoda), these are moveable extensions of cytoplasm used for locomotion and gathering food.

Front 40

sclerotium:

Back 40

Plasmodium may dry into this hardened, resistant, dormant mass in unfavorable environments until conditions improve

Front 41

Identify this organism and its kingdom! Don't get it mixed up with...

Back 41

Chlamydomonas, Protist.

Yeast. Chlamydomonas is rounder and smaller.

Front 42

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 42

Spirogyra, Protist

Front 43

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 43

Cladophora, Protist

Front 44

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 44

Volvox, Protist

Front 45

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 45

Diatoms, Protists

Front 46

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 46

Dinoflagellates, Protists

Front 47

Identify the group/ organism and its kingdom!

Back 47

Eugelenoids (Euglena), Protists

Front 48

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 48

Amoeba, Protist

Front 49

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 49

Foraminiferans, Protists

Front 50

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 50

Trypanosoma, Protist (They are the squiggles and the circles are red blood cells)

Front 51

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Don't confuse it with...

Back 51

Paramecium, Protist. Euglenoids, which are always green and are less pointy

Front 52

Identify this organism and its kingdom! Don't confuse it with...

Back 52

Plasmodium, Protist

Trypanosoma, which are spirals near RBC's but don't go inside them like plasmodium

Front 53

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 53

Slime Molds, Protists

Front 54

Identify this phylum and it's kingdom!

Back 54

Brown algae (Phaeophyta) and Protists

Front 55

Identify this phylum and it's kingdom!

Back 55

Red Algae (Rhodophyta), Protists

Front 56

What characteristics are shared by land plants and Green Algae?

Back 56

Cholorphyll a and b, starch as a carbohydrate storage material, cell walls of cellulose

Front 57

How are Phaeophyta economically important?

Back 57

They are a source of aginic acid, an important stabilizer in process foods like ice cream and pudding mixes. They are also used in general as food throughout Asia.

Front 58

How are green algae different from cyanobacteria?

Back 58

Algae are eukaryotes and therefore have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles while cyanobacteria are prokaryotes and lack these structures.

Front 59

How do algae affect your life?

Back 59

They provide 70% of the world's O2, are the basis of a food chain that I depend on and provide food for me.

Front 60

Are the stem, holdfast, and blade of brown algae the same as stems, roots, and leaves of land plants? Why or why not?

Back 60

They both perform photosynthesis. However the blades of brown algae lack stoma or cuticles. The stems are similar but brown algae's cannot stand upright outside of water. The holdfast simply secures the plant and does not pass nutrients into the stem.

Front 61

Is the cell the fundamental unit of life in plasmodial slime molds? Or is the “whole organism”, the fundamental unit? Explain your answer.

Back 61

Although slime molds are not considered a complex multicellular organism, I would say the "whole" is still the fundamental unit because the characteristic of the species are based on the community and not the individual cell.

Front 62

In what sense are protists “primitive” and in what sense are they “advanced”?

Back 62

Protists are primitive because they lack specialized cells to perform the functions of life. However, they can be very advanced in their ability to survive harsh conditions as well as extremely efficient in finding food, like slime molds.

Front 63

Why are unicellular organisms that reproduce by mitosis considered immortal?

Back 63

They produce daughter cell replicas that contain only a copy of their DNA, rather than two parents'. These daughter cells are copies of the parent, so in a way that cell exists forever.

Front 64

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 64

Nostoc, Prokaryotes

Front 65

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 65

Oscillatoria, Prokaryotes

Front 66

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 66

Gloeocapsa, Prokaryotes

Front 67

Identify this organism and its kingdom!

Back 67

Merismopedia, Prokaryotes

Front 68

Describe the relationship between Rhizobium and certain legumes.

Back 68

Rhizobium invade the root hairs of certain plants and form nitrogen-fixing root nodules, making a symbiotic relationship with the plant where they provide nutrients and the plant acts as their host

Front 69

What happens when milk is pasteurized?

Back 69

Milk is heated to a high temperature in order to kill disease-causing bacteria

Front 70

How do antibiotics kill bacteria? Explain why do they not affect viruses?

Back 70

Antibiotics work by disintegrating a bacteria's cell wall or by preventing it from reproducing. This does not work on viruses because they are not alive and because they inject themselves into a host cell, so the medicine would kill our own cells.

Front 71

What ecological roles are performed by cyanobacteria and other non-pathogenic bacteria?

Back 71

Nitrogen-fixation, photosynthesis, food for larger organisms, digestion and symbiotic relationships in animals (e.g. bacteria in our gut)

Front 72

How could bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?

Back 72

If one bacteria has a DNA mutation, or even a virus that causes it to slightly resist an antibiotic, it is naturally selected for in evolution and will proliferate as long as mutation doesn't make it less fit in other ways.