Bio Test 2

Front 1

An atom loses an electron and is gained by another

Back 1

What happens in an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Front 2

An atom loses and electron

Back 2

What happens to a compound that is oxidized?

Front 3

The atom gains an electron

Back 3

What is gained by a compound that has been reduced?

Front 4

Sugar is oxidized
Oxygen is reduced

Back 4

In aerobic cellular respiration, what is oxidized? What is reduced?

Front 5

Molecules that work with enzymes to complete a reaction; it is not a protein

Back 5

What is the function of a coenzyme?

Front 6

NAD+ and FAD

Back 6

What are the coenzymes used in aerobic cellular respiration?

Front 7

To make ATP

Back 7

What is the goal of aerobic cellular respiration?

Front 8

(1) Glycolysis: The sugar is split and 2 ATP molecules are made
(2) Pyruvate Oxidation: The split sugar is further broken down
(3) The Krebs Cycle: The sugar is further oxidized and 2 more ATP molecules are made
(4) The Electron Transport Chain: The energy that has been harvested from the sugar in the first two steps is used to make up to 32 more ATP molecules

Back 8

What are the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration?

Front 9

In the cytoplasm

Back 9

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Front 10

In the mitochondria

Back 10

Where do the following three steps occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Front 11

Gluycose = 2 Pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Back 11

What are the reactants and products of glucolysis?

Front 12

2 Pyruvates = 2 Acetyl Molecules, 2 CO2 2 NADH

Back 12

What are the reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation?

Front 13

2 Acetyl Molecules = 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Back 13

What are the reactants and products of the Krebs cycle?

Front 14

They diffuse out when we exhale them

Back 14

What happens to the carbon dioxide produced in pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle?

Front 15

NADH and FADH2; O2

Back 15

What are the reactants in the electron transport chain?

Front 16

Up to 32 ATP and water

Back 16

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

Front 17

The final step and it becomes water

Back 17

In what step is oxygen used? What does the oxygen become?

Front 18

The 5th step in which ATP synthase produce ATP as the hydrogen ions are pumped through it

Back 18

In which step is most of the ATP made?

Front 19

When cells are deprived of oxygen

Back 19

When does a cell use fermentation instead of aerobic cellular respiration?

Front 20

2 ATP, 2 Ethanol, 2 CO2

Back 20

What are the products of fermentation in yeast?

Front 21

2 ATP and 2 Lactate Molecules

Back 21

What is the product of fermentation in muscle cells?

Front 22

They can continue to make 2 ATP per Glucose in the absence of Oxygen

Back 22

What is the advantage to cells that can use the fermentation pathway?

Front 23

32 ATP in aerobic cellular respiration, 2 ATP in fermentation

Back 23

How many molecules of ATP are made from one glucose in aerobic cellular respiration and how many are made in fermentation?

Front 24

Potential Energy is stored energy
Kinetic Energy is energy in motion

Back 24

What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?

Front 25

Energy can change from one state to another but it can never be destroyed, nor can new energy be made; it applies to living things

Back 25

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? Does it apply to living things?

Front 26

The disorder is a closed system is continuously increasing; disorder is more likely than order

Back 26

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Front 27

When a cat crawls up on your lap, you welcome the heat. Heat is coming not only from the cat but you

Back 27

Can you think of an example that shows that the Second Law applies to living things?

Front 28

A measure of the degree of a system

Back 28

What is entropy?

Front 29

Yes, it requires an input of energy to make it go forward; the products have more energy than the reactants

Back 29

Does an endergonic reaction require an input of energy? Do the products have more or less energy than the reactants?

Front 30

In photosynthesis, the products have more energy than the reactants

Back 30

What is an example of an endergonic reaction in living things?

Front 31

The products have less energy than the reactants

Back 31

In an exergonic reaction, do the products have more or less energy than the reactants?

Front 32

The breakdown of food is an example of an exergonic reaction; the food molecules have more energy than the waste that is produced

Back 32

What is an example of an exergonic reaction in living things?

Front 33

The amount of energy it takes to drive a reaction

Back 33

What is activation energy?

Front 34

An enzyme fits with a substrate in an enzyme-substrate complex, release a products, and then the enzymes are used again

Back 34

What is the function of an enzyme?

Front 35

An enzyme is a nucleic acid

Back 35

Is an enzyme a protein, carb, lipid or nucleic acid?

Front 36

An enzyme fits with a substrate in an enzyme-substrate complex, releases a product, and then the enzymes are used again

Back 36

How do enzymes work?

Front 37

Chemical transformation of reactants in cells

Back 37

What are biochemical pathways?

Front 38

The products are moved from one enzyme to another until the product is transformed into what it needs to

Back 38

How are enzymes involved in biochemical pathways?

Front 39

10 enzymes; one for each step

Back 39

If a biochemical pathway has 10 steps, how many enzymes are involved in it?

Front 40

"ase" ending

Back 40

What suffix tells you that a word is the name of an en

Front 41

The temperature increases and the bonds that determine the enzyme's shape are too weak to hold it in the proper position; it does not function properly because enzymes function best within an optimum temperature range

Back 41

What is a denatured enzyme? Does it still function? Why?

Front 42

Enzymes operate best at 98.6 degrees F
Different enzymes work best at different pH levels but they must match what their enzyme's function does

Back 42

Do enzymes operate best at certain temperatures and pH levels or can they operate at any temperature and pH level?

Front 43

it does not work properly or at all

Back 43

What happens to an enzyme if you take it outside its "comfort" zone?

Front 44

A sugar, a nitrogen base, and three phosphate groups

Back 44

What are the parts of ATP?

Front 45

When the third phosphate group is broken off of ATP, energy is released and the molecule becomes ADP; that is the energy we use to move, think, and process chemicals

Back 45

How does ATP work?

Front 46

ATP

Back 46

Which has more energy, ADP or ATP?

Front 47

Chloroplasts

Back 47

Where does photosynthesis happen (in which cell part)?

Front 48

Thylakoids

Back 48

Light beam encounters this series of internal membranes within the chloroplast organized into flattened sacs

Front 49

Grana

Back 49

Numerous thylakoids are stacked on top of one another in columns

Front 50

Stroma

Back 50

The thylakoid membrane system is submerged within a semi-liquid substance, which fills the interior of the cytoplasm

Front 51

The chlorophyll molecule
(1) Light strikes the chlorophyll molecule and causes an electron in it to become excited;
(2) The excited electron bounces from one chlorophyll to the next;
(3) The molecule finally finds the reaction center chlorophyll;
(4) From there, the electron moves outside the photosystem, onto an electron accepting molecule sitting next to it on the thylakoid membrane

Back 51

What pigment molecule is embedded in the thylakoid membrane? What is its function?

Front 52

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy

Back 52

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

Front 53

Glucose + water + oxygen

Back 53

What are the products in photosynthesis?

Front 54

The 6-carbon compound is split into a 3-carbon compound

Back 54

What happens to the carbon dioxide that enters the plant?

Front 55

It gets split in half and the plant produces carbon dioxide

Back 55

What happens to the water that enters the plant?

Front 56

Blue and red (light) - green is absorbed in the chlorophyll

Back 56

What are the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (the energy from the sun) that are used in photosynthesis?

Front 57

A photosystem is a group of chlorophyll molecules clustered together; light is captured and concentrated in the thykaloid membranes

Back 57

What is the function of a photosystem?

Front 58

ATP and NADPH go on to be used in the light independ reactions; Oxygen diffuses out of the plant

Back 58

The important products of the light dependent products of the light dependent products are oxygen, ATP and the electron carrier, NADPH. Which of these go on to be used in the light independent reactions (also called the Calvin Cycle)? Which is released into the air?

Front 59

Carbon Dioxide

Back 59

What gas is "fixed" by the plant during the Calvin Cycle?

Front 60

RuBP

Back 60

What is the product of the Calvin Cycle?

Front 61

It produces the carbohydrate, glucose. Energy from ATP and NADPH are added to the fixed carbon; the product is a 3-carbon compound called G3P; it takes two G3P molecules to make a glucose

Back 61

How does the plant use G3P?

Front 62

Plants, some Protista, and bacteria

Back 62

What kinds of organisms can carry out photosynthesis?