Bio Midterm

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biology

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the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, esp. with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.

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botany

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the science of plants; the branch of biology that deals with plant life.

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ecology

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the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms.

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organelle

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specialized part of a cell having some specific function; a cell organ.

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control group

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a group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated.

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metabolism

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the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available.

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adaption

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a form or structure modified to fit a changed environment.

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cell

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the basic structural unit of all organisms.

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genes

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the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character.

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hypothesis

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explanation that might be true-a statement that can be tested by additional observations or ecperimentation; educated guess based on what is currently known.

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variable

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deviating from the usual type, as a species or a specific character.

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theory

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guess or conjecture.

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polarity

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enables many substances to dissolve in water

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solute

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the substance dissolved in a given solution

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solvent

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a substance that dissolves another to form a solution:

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element

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one of a class of substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

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compound

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composed of two or more parts, elements, or ingredients

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molecule

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the smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a compound.

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ionic

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pertaining to or occurring in the form of ions

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covalent

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sharing electrons

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atom

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the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element, consisting of a nucleus containing combinations of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical attraction

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hydrogen bond

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a type of chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom that has a covalent link with one of the electronegative atoms (F, N, O) forms an electrostatic link with another electronegative atom in the same or another molecule.

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adhesion

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attraction between different substances

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cohesion

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attraction between substances of the same kind

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capillary action

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a manifestation of surface tension by which the portion of the surface of a liquid coming in contact with a solid is elevated or depressed, depending on the adhesive or cohesive properties of the liquid.

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ion

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an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons,

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concentration

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a measure of the amount of dissolved substance contained per unit of volume.

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acid

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compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

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base

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compounds that form hydrogen ions when disolved in wiater

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pH

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relative measure of thje hydrogen ion concentration within a solution

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amino acids

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building blocks of proteins.

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enzymes

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promote chemical reactions.

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simple sugars

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glucose and fructose.

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monosaccharide

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The building blocks of carbohydrates that are single sugars, such as glucose and fructose.

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polysaccharide

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a carbohydrate, as starch, inulin, or cellulose, containing more than three monosaccharide units per molecule, the units being attached to each other in the manner of acetals, and therefore capable of hydrolysis by acids or enzymes to monosaccharides.

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saturated

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a type of single-bond animal or vegetable fat, as that found in butter, meat, egg yolks, and coconut or palm oil, that in humans tends to increase cholesterol levels in the blood.

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unsaturated

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A fat derived from plant and some animal sources, especially fish, that is liquid at room temperature. Intake of foods containing more unsaturated fats than saturated fats may contribute to reduced blood cholesterol levels.

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Hemoglobin

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the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives them their red color and serves to convey oxygen to the tissues

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Carbohydrates

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Organic Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1.Key Source Of Energy

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Lipids

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Important part of the structure and functioning of cell membranes.

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Proteins

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chain of molecules called amino acids linked together like pearls on a necklace.

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Nucleic Acids

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Long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides.;DNA & RNA

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Sucrose

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a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent

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Nitrogen Base

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A basic compound that contains nitrogen

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ATP

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Adenosphine Triphosphate

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exothermic

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Releasing heat

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endothermic

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taking in heat

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activation energy

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the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur; "catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction"

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active site

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the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate during catalysis

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SI System

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units are based on powers of ten.

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light microscope

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Light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen.

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electron microscope

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Forms an image of a specimen using a beam of electrons rather than light.

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resolution

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Measure of the clarity of an image.

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Scanning Electron Microscope

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Electron beam is focused on a specimen coated with a very thin layer of metal. ;Electrons that bounce off the specimen form and image (SEM)

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Mitochondria

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an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that functions in energy production.

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Ribosomes

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Cellular structure on which proteins are made.

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nucleus

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Internal compartment that houses the cells DNA.

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Cell Wall

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Surrounds the cell membrane Provides structure and support

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Cell Membrane

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Outer boundary in a cell that encloses the cell and separates the cell interior Regulates what enters and leaves a cell- including gases, nutrients, and wastes.

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Chloroplast

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a plastid containing chlorophyll.

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Central Vacuole

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Stores Water and waste for the cell; experiences turgor pressure

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golgi apparatus

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an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

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endoplasmic reticulum

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A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.

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lysosomes

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a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death.

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cytoplasm

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Cell Interior; Many structures, suspended in a system of cytoskeleton

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cell theory

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All Living things are made of one or more cells
;Cells are the basic unites of structure and function in organisms ;All cells arise from existing cells

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Prokaryote

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any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes, and has its genetic material in the form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops, characteristic of all organisms in the kingdom Monera, as the bacteria and blue-green algae.

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Eukaryote

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any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristic of all life forms except bacteria, blue-green algae, and other primitive microorganisms.

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golgi bodies

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composed of a stack of about half a dozen sacuoles, whose purpose in the cell are to prepare and store chemical products produced in the cell, and then to secrete these outside the cell.

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diffusion

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movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration caused by the random motion of particles of the substance.

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osmosis

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The diffusion of water through a selective permeable membrane

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endocytosis

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the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of a coated vacuole or vesicle

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exocytosis

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the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane

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facilitated diffusion

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when carrier proteins are used to transport specific substances such as amino acids and sugars down their concentration gradient, that transport

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passive transport

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Movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell

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active transport

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The transport of substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient

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pinocytosis

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the transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet, which is then taken into the interior of the cytoplasm.

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phagocytosis

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the ingestion of a smaller cell or cell fragment, a microorganism, or foreign particles by means of the local infolding of a cell's membrane and the protrusion of its cytoplasm around the fold until the material has been surrounded and engulfed by closure of the membrane and formation of a vacuole: characteristic of amebas and some types of white blood cells.

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concentration gradient

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A difference in concentration of a substance, such as the balls, across a space is called a

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selective permeability

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only allowing certain things pass through a membrane

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hypertonic

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shrinking of cell

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hypotonic

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swelling of cell

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sodium potassium pump

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Transports three sodium ions, out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell.

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isotonic

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equal amount of water molecules entering and leaving the cell

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distilled water

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water from which impurities, as dissolved salts and colloidal particles, have been removed by one or more processes of distillation; chemically pure water.

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free water molecule concentration

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On the side of the membrane with higher free water concentration (i.e. a lower concentration of solute), more water molecules will strike the pores in the membrane in a give interval of time. More strikes equates to more molecules passing through the pores, which in turn results in net diffusion of water from the compartment with high concentration of free water to that with low concentration of free water.

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taxonomy

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Science of naming and classifying organisms

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cladograms

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shows the evolutionary relationship amoung groups of organisms

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animalia

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the taxonomic kingdom comprising all animals.

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homologous traits

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unique characteristics

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analogous/convergent structures

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similar features that evolved through convergent evolution

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phylogenic traits

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trait that can be traced through ancestors and can be seen as a phenotype through generations.

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biological species

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group of acutally or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproducitively isolated

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scientific names

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binomial nomeclature

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hybrid

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the offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties, species, or genera, esp. as produced through human manipulation for specific genetic characteristics.