Bio 108 Midterm

Front 1

What does fittest mean?

Back 1

-most intelligent
-strongest
-most fertile
--Having genes that are most suited to allow one to survive one's environment

Front 2

One Cause of evolution?

Back 2

Differences in fitness.

Front 3

Selection

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Differences in fitness... variation in Number of offspring.

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Species

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A unit of classification.

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Darwin observed...

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IF: 1. there is variation 2. variation is heritable, 3. variants have differences in fitness.
THEN: Evolution (mutation) occurs.

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Heritable sources of variations are...

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DNA--> mutation

SEX---> meiosis

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Nucleotides

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Structural units of RNA and DNA.

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Protein

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A chain of Amino Acids.

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RNA and mRNA

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-Like DNA but with a "U" instead of a "T".
-Transcribed or copied information.

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Genetic Code

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How to translate the message.
-Standard = 64 codons &20 Amino Acids

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Chromosomes

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Packages of DNA
Organized structures of DNA proteins- found in cells.

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Gene

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-Unit of heredity.
-Segment of DNA coding for protein or RNA and is at a specific location on a chromosome.

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Mitosis

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nuclear division resulting in formation of genetically identical cells.
-asexual reproduction.

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Meiosis

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Process of nuclear division resulting in Haploid cells.

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Haploid cells

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Genetically different cells.

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Homologous Chromosomes

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-same size and shape
-pair up during meiosis
- have some genes but not always the same alleles, (AA, Aa)

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Tetrad

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A Pair of homologous chromosomes.

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Allele

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Form of a gene.

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Locus

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location on a chromosome.

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Diploid cell

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Has 2 copies of each chromosome.

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Phenotype

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Appearance and behavior

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Genotype

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Specific forms of genes or alleles.

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Evolution

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Change in genetic composition of a population.

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P&Q-
P or Qsquared-
2PQ-

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-Frequency of dominant and recessive allele
-Frequency of paired (genotype) individuals (AA,aa)
-Frequency of heterozygous allele (A,a)

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Genetic composition

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Allele and Genotype frequencies.

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Gene Pool

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All alleles in a population.

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Hardy Weinberg Assumptions

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You can predict the proportion of alleles and genotypes in the next generation it there is:
1)No mutation
2)No migration
3)No selection
4)Large population
5)Random mating

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Altruism

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1) Some individuals sacrifice their lives defending others
2) some individuals work for other's and do not reproduce.

Front 29

Natural selection causes evolution IF:

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1) traits vary
2)traits heritable
3)traits effect fitness
-Traits conferring higher Reproductive success to individuals in frequency in population.

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Haploidiploidy and Selfish Gene

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IF: Female mates and 50% of her genes are in her daughter
IF: Female works to help mom mate then 75% of her genes are in her sister,

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Stabilizing Selection

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selecting against extremes and for intermediate,

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Disruptive Selection

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New population is established

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Non Random Mating

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Positive Assortative Mating:
-inbreeding
-increases the frequency of homozygotes relative to heterozygotes.

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Phylogeny

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Evolutionary history.

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Phylogenetics

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science of reconstructing evolutionary history.

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Science

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a way of knowing

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Cladogram

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Shape of tree with no scale for branch length.

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Phylogram

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Evolutionary family tree.

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Allopatric

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In different places

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Sympatric

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In same places

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Directional Selection

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selection against one extreme and for another.

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Genetic drift

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change in gene frequency due to chance.

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Divergence

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Populations can evolve in different directions.
Can result from:
a. Selection- diff, place =diff. selective pressures.
b.small population size.

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Speciation

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-formation of new species
-sometimes divergent populations become new species.

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Morphological Species Concept:
How to define SPECIES.

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A Species is a collection of individuals that share more than 1 observable trait, not present in other collections.

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Monophyletic

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A group including all decedents of a particular ancestor.

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Sexual Selection

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Differences in fitness due to ...?

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Natural Selection

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Differences in fitness due to differences in Survivorship and reproduction in particular environments.

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Prezygotic

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Before Fertilization
a.courtship
b.mate choice
c.traits preventing fertilization

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Protozygotic

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After Fertilization
a. hybrid infertility
b.hybrid invariability
c. Polyploid-->new species

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Inbreeding

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results in a deficit of heterozygotes

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small population size

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usually results in loss of genetic diversity.

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Transcription

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a process during which a molecule of messenger RNA is assembled.

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Codon

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a sequence of 3 nucleotides.