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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitosis & the Cell Cycle |
-new cells produced in meristems -produces genetically identical cells -similar to meiosis |
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Mitosis - What has to happen? |
-genetic material must be replicated and divided -cytoplasmic organelles must be divided |
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Steps of Cell Cycle |
-Interphase -> Mitosis -> Cytokinesis *Interphase -> DNA replicated, cell volume & organelles increase in size & number *Mitosis -> IP MAT *Cytokinesis -> cell wall forms to divide cytoplasm of two daughter cells |
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Important things to know: Cell Cycle |
-site of division -> meristem, many other places hold potential -not dividing = interphase -dividing = passing through cell cycle rapidly |
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Interphase |
-can be divided into stages: G1 ->increase in size/number of organelles, formation of material needed to replicate S -> DNA replication G2 -> formation of materials needed during mitosis |
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Mitosis |
-IP MAT *Interphase (previous) *Prophase *Metaphase *Anaphase *Telophase *interphase & cytokinesis not considered stages of mitosis |
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Beginning Mitosis - Interphase |
*normal cell -nuclear envelope is intact, nucleoli can be seen inside the nucleus, chromosomes are indistinct |
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Stages of Mitosis - Prophase |
*chromosomes visible -nuclear envelope disintegrated, nucleoli beginning to disappear, chromosomes have condensed -- look like a plateful of thick black noodles |
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Stages of Mitosis - Metaphase |
*no nucleus, chromosomes center of cell -mitotic spindle formed and chromosomes lie midway between two poles of spindle |
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Stages of Mitosis - Anaphase |
*chromosomes split, head to ends of cell -sister chromtids separate, begin to move to opposite poles of spindle |
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Stages of Mitosis - Telophase |
*starts to divide, nucleus begins appearing -chromosomes have complete separation, begin to elongate and become thinner |
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Ending Mitosis - Cytokinesis |
*cell wall begins to appear, cells split -cell-plate begins to form, when completely formed, two new daughter cells are result *telophase & cytokinesis often occur simulatneously |
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Cell Cycle Image |
image: http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch4_phases_allbig.jpg |
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Cell Water Movement |
*diffusion & osmosis account for most of the passive (non-energy requiring) movement of molecules into and out of cells |
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Cell Water Movement - Diffusion |
-movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to lower concentration *move down a concentration gradient *temperature effect -> cool move slowly, warm, more energy, diffusion increases -can occur across cell membrane into or out of cell |
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Cell Water Movement - Osmosis |
-specialized diffusion through selectively permeable membrane -greater water concentration to lesser water concentration *cell membrane -> selectively permeable *solute -> particle dissolved in solution *solvent -> liquid of solution |
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Cell Water Movement - Osmosis (Cont.) |
*hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic -> compare solutions using solute concentrations -hypotonic -> lower solute concentration -hypertonic -> higher solute concentration -isotonic -> same solute concentration |
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Osmosis & Water Potential |
-tendency of water to move by osmosis affected by *amount of solute present *if water under pressure water potential = solute potential + pressure potential |
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Solute Potential |
-effect of solute concentration -as solute added, water concentration less -> water potential declines |
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Pressure Potential |
-pressure exerted on rigid cell wall by water inside -pressure potential occurs in a closed container -pressure raises cell water potential |
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Cellular Energy |
-revolves around carbohydrates & ATP -carbohydrates -> long term energy storage -ATP -> immediate energy source *Respiration converts carbohydrates to CO2 and ATP *Photosynthesis converts CO2 into carbohydrates *using* ATP |
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Respiration Equation |
*produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
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Photosynthesis Equation |
*produces glucose (sugar) and oxygen |
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Mendelian Genetics |
-genes often found on different chromosomes are segregated independently (non-reliant on each other) -dominance vs recessiveness -punnet squares -> RR x rr, RR x Rr, Rr X Rr, etc. |
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Monohybrid Cross |
phenotype ratio: 3:1 genotype ratio: 1:2:1 |
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Dihybrid Cross |
phenotype ratio: 15:1 geneotype ratio: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 |
