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127 Cards in this Set
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chaonocytes
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[porifera] flagellated cells that beat to pull in H2O through small pores where food is filtered and ingested by phagocytosis
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amoebocytes
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[porifera] cells embedded in sponge wall that help distribute food and produce elastic or hard skeletal fibers
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cnidocytes
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[cnidaria] cells containing stinging organelles called nematocytes that eject small harpoons with toxins used for anchoring, feeding, and defense
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anthozoa
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[cnidaria] corals and anemones
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hydrozoa
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[cnidaria] corals and hydras
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cubozoa
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[cnidaria] box jellies and sea wasps
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scyphozoa
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[cnidaria] jelly fish and sea nettles
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gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
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[cnidaria] "blind sac" with mouth as single opening
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polyp
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[cnidaria] sessile body plan attached to substrate
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medusa
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[cnidaria] free swimming body plan
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gastrodermal lines
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[cnidaria] digestive system containing gland cells and nutritive-muscular cells
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gland cells
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[cnidaria] cells that secrete digestive enzymes, specifically proteases
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nutritive - muscular cells
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[cnidaria] cells that form pseudopods to engulf partially digested particles for final digestion
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mesoglea
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[cnidaria] space between outer and inner epidermis that is filled with extracellular matrix and serves as endoskeleton
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[cnidarian] nervous system
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irregular net of primitive nervous cells; no central nervous system
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dioecious
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two different sexes
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turbellaria
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[platyhelminthes] free-living
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trematoda
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[platyhelminthes] flukes that are parasitic
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cestoda
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[platyhelminthes] tapeworms that are parasitic
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[platyhelminthes] germ layers
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ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
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cephalization
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clumping of sensory / neuronal tissue and presence of some sort of nervous system organization
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bilateral symmetry
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symmetry around only one plane
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acoelomate
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lacking a true body cavity and having a solid packing of cells instead
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[platyhelminthes] digestive system
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food pulled in by extended pharynx and pharyngeal contractions
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[platyhelminthes] nervous system
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organized into ladder with 2 lateral nerve cords connected by transverse nerve cords; enlarged cerebral ganglia; sensory, assocation, and motor neurons
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protonephridia
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[platyhelminthes] excretory organs that regulate ion / water balance by tubes that open via pores where cilia create negative pressure and pull in fluids
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[platyhelminthes] reproductive system
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regeneration from cosntriction; can also be monoecious
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polychaetes
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[annelida] segmented bristleworms
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oligochaetes
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[annelida] earthworms
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hirudinea
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[annelida] leeches
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metamerism
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repetition of body parts in segments
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[annelida] locomotion
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series of synchronized contractions by longitudinal and circular muscles (can move side-to-side or elongate)
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setae
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[annelida] hair-like projections used for anchoring
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[annelida] heart
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many repeated structures that are dark and ring-like along the anterior
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[annelida] reproductive organs
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anterior and light-colored (monoecious)
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[annelida] septa
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fibers that separates segments of body
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[annelida] digestive system
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esophagus that has calciferous glands, crop, and gizzard
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calciferous glands
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[annelida] excrete excess calcium into the feces
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crop
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[annelida] thin walled sac posterior of esophagus to store food
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gizzard
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[annelida] thick-walled sac where food is fragmented
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[annelida] circulatory system
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closed system where blood (which contained dissolved hemoglobin)is always inside the vessels
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[annelida] nervous system
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contains the brain, dorsal, and ventral ganglia
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suprapharyngeal ganglia
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[annelida] brain which also leads to series of ventral nerve cords through the ventral ganglia
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metanephridia
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[annelida] elimination of nitrogenous waste through finely coiled tubes adhered to body wall
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nephrostome
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[annelida] where metanephridia opens into coelom
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metanephriopore
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[annelida] pore from the metanephridia to outside environment
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[annelida] reproductive system
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hermaphroditic worms that cross-fertilize and contain both testes and ovaries
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[annelida] seminal vesicles
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[annelida] large rounded masses that contain testes which store sperm
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spermatheca
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[annelida] where sperm crawls into when mating and eggs are then released for internal cross-fertilization
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cuticles
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[annelida] noncellular layer covering external body wall
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cladistics
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classification system in which scientists attempt to organize organisms based on evolutionary relationships
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clade
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nested groups of animals with smaller groups contained within larger groups; descendents all contain unique derived characteristics that distinguish them but also some ancestral characteristics which they share with other groups
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monophyletic
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grouping that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
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parsimonious
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fewest changes in derived characters among clades
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adaptation
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trait that enhances evolutionary fitness and that arose as a result of natural selection
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chloragogen cells
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[annelida] cells function in glycogen storage and detoxification
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typhlosole
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[annelida] prominent fold in the dorsal wall of intestine that increases surface area
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mantle
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[mollusca] thin skin-like structure that encloses internal organs and secretes external skeleton
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foot
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[mollusca] muscular locomotory structure used for creeping, crawling, grabbing, and burrowing
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radula
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[mollusca] ribbon-like string with many rows of multi-cusped teeth used for scraping, tearing, harpooning, and boring; teeth are constantly secreted
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ctenidium
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[mollusca] structures used for gas exchange and filter feeding; feather-like shape with many blood vessels
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shell
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[mollusca] external skeleton protecting the soft parts of the animal made of calcium carbonate
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[mollusca] external clam anatomy
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anterior end is shorter than posterior end
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[mollusca] digestive system
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ctenidia beat and pull water into mantle through inhalant siphon where water is sorted/transferred to mouth through labial palps. food travels down esophagus to stomach and enters where digestive glands and extracellular digestion occurs. the anus empties into excurrent siphon.
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[mollusca] excretory system
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nitrogenous wastes in ammonia form excreted into excurrent siphon by pair of nephridia
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[mollusca] circulatory / respiratory system
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open system using hemocyanin (Cu containing pigment) dissolved in plasma. the heart is bright orange and beats rhythmically to create pressure. hemolymph is forced into aorta and carried to tissues which open into cavities. hemolymph is transfered to ctenidia where gas exchange occurs.
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[mollusca] nervous system
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poor sense organs and limited cephalization
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[mollusca] reproductive system
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mostly dioecious and have gonads that empty gametes into excurrent siphon. fertilization and development occur externally.
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diversity
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number of species within a specific lineage
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disparity
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the range of anatomical structural variation
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convergent evolution
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formation of structures that have similar function (analogous structures)
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homologous evolution
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eventual formation of structures from similar developmental structures
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dorsal vs. ventral
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toward the back vs. toward the belly
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medial vs. lateral
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toward the middle vs. toward the sides
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anterior vs. posterior
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the head vs. the back
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distal vs. proximal
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away from point vs. toward the point
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superficial vs. deep
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on the surface vs. from the surface
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oral vs. aboral
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surface with mouth vs. surface away from mouth
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cephalic vs. caudal
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toward the head vs. away from the head
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superior vs. inferior
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up vs. down
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radial symmetry
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symmetrical when divided by many planes
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[platyhelminthes] excretory system
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Nitrogenous wastes can float freely between cells and surrounding environment.
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[platyhelminthes] osmoregulatory system
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Use of organs that regulate ion balance called PROTONEPHRIDIA
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protonephridia
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Found in platyhelminthes that regulate ion balance that controls water balance. They are blind ended tubes that open through pores to outside. Cilia lining the protonephridia create a negative pressure that pulls fluid into the tube.
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[platyhelminthes] reproductive system
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asexual = regeneration. mostly monoecious. can also sexually reproduce.
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Polychaetes
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segmented bristleworms
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Oligochaetes
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earthworms
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Hirudinea
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leeches
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hydraulic skeleton
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cavity filled with fluid that is acted upon by muscles that results in locomotion
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metamerism
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repetition of body parts, found in the repetition of hearts, nephridia, and reproductive organs in annelids
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setae
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stiff hair-like projections off the surface of the worm used for traction as the worm moves
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clitellum
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conspicuous swelling that extends over several somites (sections); secretes mucus used during reproduction
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[annelida] locomotion
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synchronized contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles. contraction of longitudinal muscles widens body. relaxation of longitudinal muscles + contraction of the circular muscles elongates the body
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[annelida] gastrointestinal tract
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aka alimentary tract; a long tube which runs through the length of the body
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[annelida] heart
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multiple that are dark ring-like structures that encircle the GI tube at the anterior
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[annelida] reproductive system
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light-colored and arranged in anterior end around the GI tract
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[annelida] coelom
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lined with peritoneum derived from mesoderm; septa separates the segments
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[annelida] digestive system
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pharynx -> esophagus -> calciferous glands line the esophagus -> crop -> gizzard -> intestine
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calciferous glands
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glands located on the esophagus near the crop that excrete excess calcium for elimination in the feces
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crop
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large thin-walled sac that stoers food
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gizzard
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thick walled sac where most of the food is fragmented
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[annelida] circulatory system
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closed circulatory system; dorsal blood vessels and ring-like hearts contract rhythmically to pump blood through system of closed blood vessels; hemoglobin is dissolved within the blood; no blood cells
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[annelida] nervous system
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suprapharyngeal ganglia (brain) -> dorsal ganglia -> ventral ganglia
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metanephridia
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elimination of nitrogenous waste; every somite contained a pair; fine-coiled tubes adhering to body wall; opens into coelom by ventral ciliated funnel known as the nephorstome; it empties to exterior by fine pore in ventral body wall called metanephridiopore
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[annelida] reproductive system
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hermaphroditic; cross-fertilization occurs; cross exchange of sperm occurs during copulation by entering spermatheca of other worm where it is stored; eggs are produced in ovaries and fertilization is internal
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seminal vesicles
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large, rounded masses that overlie the esophagus; contain the small inconspicuous testes and store sperm prior to discharge
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spermatheca
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seminal receptacles that are spherical structures that stores sperm before it is used
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cuticle
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non-cellular layer that covers external body wall
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chloragogen cells
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function in glycogen storage and detoxification
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typhlosole
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prominent fold in dorsal wall of intestine that increases surface area
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mollusca
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aquatic creatures that are extremely diverse; four common classes; protostome, bilateral symmmetry, coelom, segmentation, cephalization
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gastropoda
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slugs and snails
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coild shell and twisted body; diverse
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bivalvia
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clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops
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made of two half-shells connected by a hinge made of elastic tissue; mantle envelops the body, secreting the two valves and forming mantle cavity; no radula; well-developed foot
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cephalopoda
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octopus, marine, 1,000 species; two subclasses nautili (external shell) and other subclass (mantle or no shell)
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well-developed nervous system with giant nerve cells and thick axons that allow for quick conduction
complex sensory systems and complex behavior carnivorous closed circulatory systems long tentacles with suckers used for seizing / holding prey poison injected from salivary glands release ink containing melanin pigment from ink sacs |
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polyplacophora
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chitons
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[mollusca] derived features
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mantle, foot, radula, ctenidium, shell
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mantle
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thin skin-like structure enclosing internal organs and secretes the external skeleton; secretes calcerous material
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foot
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muscular locomotory strcuture used for creeping, crawling, grabbing, burrowing
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radula
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ribbon-like string with rows of multi-cusped teeth that are used for scraping, tearing, harpooning, and boring; new teeth are constantly being secreted
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ctenidia
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feather-like veiny structures used for gas exchange and filter-feeding
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shell
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external skeleton and protects soft parts of the animal; layers of calcium carbonate
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operculum
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present in gastropods, it is a small shell cover used to close off the opening to the shell
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[bivalvia] digestive system
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cilia lining ctenidia pulls water containing food into mantle cavity through large inhalant siphon; water is filtered through ctenidia and expelled out through posterior excurrent siphon
food particles transferred by mouth through labial palps esophagus -> stomach -> digestive glands (where most absorption occurs) indegestible particles pass from stomach into intestine into anus into excurrent siphon |
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[bivalvia] excretory system
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nitrogenous wastes in form of ammonia are excreted into excurrent siphon by nephridia
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[bivalvia] circulatory system
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open system using hemocyanin dissolved in plasma
heart is located dorsally and is bright orange color hemolymph is forced into aorta and carried to various tissues by vessels which open into cavities ctenidia is where gas exchange occurs |
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[bivalvia] nervous system
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poor sense organs and limited cephalization
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[bivalvia] reproductive system
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dioecious
gondas empty gametes into excurrent siphon fertilization is external |
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