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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basics |
-Primary Shoot Meristem at the tip of the twig, where the growing takes place -Node where the leaf connects with the twig -Internode twig space between nodes -Leaf Primordia the start of the leaf, grown at the primary shoot meristem |
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Primary Tissues |
-Protoderm becomes epidermis -Procambrium becomes vascular cambium (if present), xylem, and phloem -Ground Meristem the rest of the twig (cortex and pith) |
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More Twig Traits |
-Vascular Bundle the xylem and phloem sheathed together -Trace the vascular bundle in a leaf (vein) -Leaf Trace Gap gap between vascular bundle in stem and leaf -Bud Primordia beginnings of axillary bud grown with leaf primorida |
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Hebaceous Stems |
-mainly primary growth -majority of tissue ground tissue |
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Dicot Stems |
-Vascular tissues in a ring -Pholem to the outside -Vascular cambium in center, growing xylem and phloem (secondary growth) -Xylem to the inside -Cortex region ground tissue to the outside of vascular tissue -Pith region ground tissue to the inside of vascular tissue |
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Monocot Stems |
-Vascular bundles scattered -bundle sheath around vascular bundles -no vascular cambium (no secondary growth) -phloem towards outside -xylem towards inside -Lacuna empty air space within vascular bundle |
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Modified Stems - Underground |
-rhizome (horizontal underground) -> ginger -tuber -> potato -bulb -> onion -corm -> crocus "bulbs" |
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Woody Stems - Basics |
-Leaf scar leaf once attached to stem -bundle scars inside leaf scar, used to be vascular bundles -terminal bud primary shoot meristem protected by terminal bud scales (dormant) -terminal bud scale scars from previous terminal buds farther down stem |
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Dermal Tissue System |
-lenticel gas exchange, water loss -periderm bark, replaces eipdermis -cork cambium beneath periderm, makes new periderm, prevents water loss |
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Ground Tissue System |
-cortex region -made of parenchyma cells -carbohydrate storage -support development and expansion of new leaves in spring |
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Vascular Tissue System - Phloem |
-Phloem rays run through phloem, transport food laterally -Dilated Phloem rays expanded phloem rays (triangular) |
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Vascular Tissue System - Vascular Cambium |
-below phloem -makes phloem to outside, xylem to inside produces secondary growth -non-existant in monocots |
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Vascular Tissue System - Xylem |
-below vascular cambium -newest xylem closest to cambium -made in springtime -> large diameter, "early wood" (light band) -made in summer/fall -> small diameter, "late wood" (dark band) -no xylem in winter, dormant -early wood + late wood = 1 year growth |
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Ground Tissue System |
-very center pith region -made of parenchyma cells -storage tissue |
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Wood Cuts |
-Cross (transverse) section -> chopping down a tree, directly across (count rings) -Radial section -> parallel, through center (split wood) -Tangential section -> parallel, does NOT pass through center of stem |
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Venation (Veins) |
-parallel, no branching -> monocot -branching -> dicot -palmate branching -> like a hand -pinnate branching -> like a feather |
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Simple/Compound Leaves |
-simple leaf, one blade with axillary bud at base -compound leaf, many leaflets with axillary only at the base of where they all begin |
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Leaf Stalk |
-present (called petiole) -> petiolate -not present -> sessile |
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Stipules |
-present on dicots -> leaf or scale like bits at base of leaf -present -> stipulate -not present -> exstipulate |
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Leaf Attachment |
-Alternate -> one leaf at node -Opposite -> two leaves at node -Whorled -> three or more leaves at node |
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Gymnosperm Leaves |
-scales -> arranged on stem like overlapping fish scales -needles -single -> one needle -bundle -> two, three, or five needles -clusters -> many |
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Leaf Types |
-mesomorphic -> moderate environment -example: lilac -hydromorphic -> water heavy or aquatic environment -example: water lily -xenomorphic -> dry environment -example: beach grass |
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Dermal Tissue - Mesomorphic |
TOP -cuticle -> waxy layer, protect from water loss -upper epidermis BOTTOM -cuticle (same as top) -stomatal apparatus -> facilitates gas exchange, lose water vapor, can open and close -substomatal chamber -> inside spongy mesopyll |
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Ground Tissue - Mesomorphic |
-mesophyll tissue made of parenchyma -palisade mesophyll -> towards top of leaf, carry out bulk of photosynthesis, arranged upright and tightly packed -spongy mesophyll -> towards bottom of leaf, beneath palisade mesophyll, loosely packed, lots of space |
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Vascular Tissue - Mesomorphic |
-midvein -> main vein running up center of leaf -xylem on top, phloem on bottom (vascular bundle laid on its side) |
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Dermal Tissue- Hydromorphic |
-thin to non-existent cuticle -stomatal apparatuses on upper epidermis, none on lower epidermis (only upper epidermis exposed to air, floating on water) -trichomes (leaf hairs) on lower epidermis |
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Ground Tissue - Hydromorphic |
-mesophyll divided into palisade and spongy -spongy mesophyll very large intercellular spaces (allow leaves to float) |
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Vascular Tissue - Hydromorphic |
-xylem on top, phloem on bottom -much less xylem than phloem (not as much need to transport water) |
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Dermal Tissue - Xeromorphic |
-leaf ability to curl up, less exposed to sun -upper surface -> inside curve -lower surface -> outside curve -deep furrows (may also be pits) on upper surface, run length of leaf -> stomatal crypts -stomatal apparatuses along upper epidermis, inside crypts |
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Dermal Tissue - Xeromorphic (Cont.) |
-trichomes (hairs) in crypts, reduce water loss -bottom of crypts, bulliform cells -full water -> curl open -lose water -> curl close -upper & lower epidermis several layers thick (multiple epidermis) -> resists drying, protects from abrasion, reflects sunlight (lowers temp.) |
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Ground Tissue - Xeromorphic |
-mesophyll, not organized into palisade and spongy -uniform set, few intercellular spaces -reduces internal area of water loss |
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Vascular Tissue - Xeromorphic |
-veins surrounded by bundle sheath -xylem on top, phloem on bottom |
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Leaf Interior - Pine Needle |
-xeromorphic to extreme |
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Dermal Tissue - Pine |
-thick waxy cuticle -thick walled epidermal cells -stomatal apparatuses sunken (water molecules not easily carried off) |
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Ground Tissue - Pine |
-below epidermal tissue -> cortex - hypodermis layer -> stiffens needle -below hypodermis -> mesophyll (not divided) walls infolded -> jigsaw puzzle, few spaces -large holes in mesopyll -> resin ducts -endodermis -> regulates movement of water from xylem |
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Vascular Tissue - Pine |
-contains xylem and phloem -does not branch into mesophyll area (only in center of leaf) -transfusion tissue around vascular bundles -> conducts water towards cortex |
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C4 Photosynthetic Pathways |
-presence of bundle sheath cells -> surround vascular bundle of plants utilizing C4 pathways -stomata open during day |
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Dermal Tissues - C4 |
UPPER -thick cuticle -epidermis single layer -contains stomatal apparatuses -contains bulliform cells LOWER -contains stomatal apparatuses -cuticle |
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Ground Tissues - C4 |
-mesophyll not divided, uniform -chloroplasts equally concentrated both sides of leaf |
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Vascular Tissues - C4 |
-many veins evenly spaced -each of veins surrounded by bundle sheath cells (where calvin cycle occurs) -xylem on top, phloem on bottom |
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Sun vs. Shade Leaves |
-shade leaves are -larger -thinner -fewer well-defined mesophyll layers -fewer chloroplasts -fewer hairs |
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Leaf Abscission |
-leaf shed (abscised) by plant -separation layer degraded, separates petiole from plant body -below separation layer protective layer, does not allow passage of water (made of suberin) |
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Marks on Stem |
-leaf scar -> heart shaped, where petiole once attached to stem -bundle scars -> raised dots inside leaf scar, where vascular bundles once were -axillary bud -> above leaf scar -lenticel -> raised pore in woody stem, gas exchange |
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Specialized Leaves |
-bud scales -spines -leaf-tendrils -plantlets -insectivorous leaves -showy bracts |
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Parts of the Flower |
FROM BASE -peduncle -receptical -sepals (collectively calyx) -petals (collectively corolla) **note: calyx & corolla together called perianth** -stamen (filament & anther) -carpel or pistil (top down -> stigma, style, ovary) |
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Flower Terms |
-Complete -> all 4 floral whorls -Incomplete -> 1 or more flora whorls missing -Perfect -> single flower stamen & carpel -Imperfect -> flower with only stamen OR carpel -only stamen -> stamenate -only carpel -> carpellate |
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Flower Terms Cont. |
-Monoecious -> stamenate & carpellate on one plant -Diecious -> stamenate & carpellate on separate plants (single sex plants) -Regular -> radial symmetry -Irregular -> bi-lateral symmetry |
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Carpel Placement Terms |
-Hypogyny (superior) -> ovary above sepals & petals -Epigyny (inferior) -> ovary below sepals & petals -Perigyny (mid-point) -> sepals & petals along ovary |
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Fruit Types |
-Fleshy -berry *pepo, hesperidium -drupe, pome -Dry -dehiscent *legume, follicle, capsule -Indehiscent *caryopses, achene, samara, nut |
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Aggregate Fruits |
-formed from ovaries of several carpels within single flower ex: blackberry |
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Multiple Fruits |
-formed from fused ovaries of many separate flowers ex: pineapple |
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Accessory Fruits |
-formed by development of tissues other than ovary ex: strawberry |
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Examples of Fruit Types |
-drupe -> peaches, cherry -true berry -> grape, tomato, blueberry -hesperidium -> orange (citrus) -pepo -> watermelon, pumpkin -pome -> apple, pear -samara -> elm, ash, maple -nut -> chestnut, acorn -caryopsis -> wheat, rice, corn |
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Examples of Fruit Types Cont. |
-achene -> sunflower -silique -> mustard -silicle -> (short siliques) -follicle -> milkweed -capsule -> poppy -legume -> soybean, clover *also know chart from lab book |
