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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Viruses
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non-cellular replicating entities that must invade living cells to carry out their replication. Not living things
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Caspid
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protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material
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Eukaryotes
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not bacteria. Have a nucleus
Binary fission: bacteria reproduce by a simple cell-splitting in which one cell splits into two, with both daughter cells being exact replicas of the parental cell. |
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Autotrophs
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organisms that can manufacture their own food, defined as some form of organic molecule that can be broken down to yield energy.
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Heterotroph
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cannot manufacture their own food.
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Mutualism
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a relationship between two organisms that benefits both of them. Ex. Humans and bacteria
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Pathogenic
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: disease-causing bacteria
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Antibiotics
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chemical compounds produced by one microorganism that are toxic to another
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Extremophiles
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archaea or bacteria that flourish in conditions that would kill most organisms
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Algae
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protests that perform photosynthesis
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Colonial multicellularity
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a form of life in which individual cells form stable associations with one another but do not take on specialized roles.
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True multicellularity
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a form of life in which individual cells exist in stable groups, with different cells in groups specializing in different functions
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phytoplankton
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small photosynthesizing organisms that float near the surface of water
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saprobes
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organisms that obtain their nutrition from dead organic matter.
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Hyphae
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slender, tube-like filaments that make up fungi. Absorbs food
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Mycelium
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the hyphae make up a branching web
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Dikayotic phase
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: phase in fungi in which cells in a fungal mycelium have two nuclei
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spore
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reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell
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mycorrhizae
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the root-hyphae association of plants and fungi
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cell wall
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a relatively thick layer of material that forms the periphery of plant, bacterial, and fungal cells
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chloroplasts
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organelles that are the site of photosynthesis
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sporophyte generation
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The generation of plant that produces spores
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gametophyte
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the generation of plant that produces gametes
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alteration of generations
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: a life cycle practiced by plants, in which successive plant generations alternate between the diploid sporophyte condition and the haploid gametophyte condition
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bryophyte
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a type of plant lacking a true vascular system
Seedless vascular plants: plants that have a vascular system but that do not produce seeds. |
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seed
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a plant structure that includes a plant embryo, its food supply, and a tough, protective casing.
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gymnosperm
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: a seed plant whose seeds are not surrounded by fruit
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angiosperm
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their seeds are surrounded by the tissue called fruit
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endosperm
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a special kind of nutritive tissue that often surrounds the embryo of angiosperms
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Sessile
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fixed in one spot. Like fungus but hyphae grow
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Appendicular skeleton
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a division of the skeletal system. 126 bones include those of our pared appendages—arms, legs, and pelvic bones.
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axial skeleton
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a division of the skeletal system. 80 bones that include the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage that attaches to it.
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bone
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a connective tissue that provides support and storage capacity, and that is the site of blood cell production.
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cardiac muscle
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exists only in the heart, contracts under the influence of pacemaker cells
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cardiovascular system
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(organ system) consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels and an inner, “marrow” portion of bones where red blood cells are formed. (mass transit system)
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cartilage
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a connective tissue that serves as padding in most joints. Also forms the larynx, windpipe, nose-tip, outer ears, and links each of our ribs to our breastbone.
Compact Bone: type of bone. Relatively solid, forms the outer portion of the bone. |
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connective tissue
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: tissue that stabilizes and supports other tissue (ex. Blood, Bone). Usually lie within a ground substance.
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dermis
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mostly connective tissue, connected to many various tissues (sweat glands, hair follicles, etc.)
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digestive system
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organ system. The digestive tract, a long tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
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endocrine gland
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glands that secrete their materials through tubes or “ducts.”
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endocrine system
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organ system. A communication system that works more slowly than the nervous system, through hormones.
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epidermis
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the outer layer of skin, an epithelial tissue that serves as a protective barrier, and has to renew itself continually.
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epithelial tissue
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tissue that covers surfaces exposed to an external environment (ex. Skin, lining of lungs)
Exocrine Gland |
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gland
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organs or groups of cells specialized to secrete one or more substances. (A concentration of epithelial cells)
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homeostasis
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the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.
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Hormone
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Chemical messengers, many of which come from specialized glands.
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Integumentary system
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organ system. Sometimes thought of as simply skin. Also hair, nails, and some glands.
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Keratin
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a flexible, water resistant protein, abundant in the outer layers of the skin, that also makes up hair and fingernails.
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Ligaments
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cartilage. Tissues that join bone to bone.
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Lymphatic system
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organ system. Consists of a widespread network of lymphatic vessels that collect extracellular fluid and deliver it to the blood vessels as a fluid called lymph. (an inspection system)
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Muscle Fiber
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Skeletal muscles that have cells that are elongated.
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Muscle Tissue
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tissue that is specialized in its ability to contract, or shorten (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
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Muscular system
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organ system. All the skeletal muscles of the body (700 of them). Important in homeostasis
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Negative feedback
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a process in which the elements that bring about a response have their activity reduced by that response. How the body maintains Homeostasis.
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nervous system
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organ system. A rapid communication system in the body that includes the brain, spinal cord, all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, and sense organs such as the eye and ear.
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nervous tissue
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tissue that is specialized for the rapid conduction of messages, which take the form of electrical impulses.
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organ
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Several kinds of tissues that perform a special bodily function
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organ system
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Groups of interrelated organs and tissues that serve a particular function.
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osteoblast
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immature bone cells that are responsible for the production of new bone.
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osteoclast
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cells that move along the outside of bones, releasing enzymes that eat away at bone tissue.
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osteocyte
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mature bone cells. They maintain the structure and density of normal bone by continually recycling the calcium compounds around themselves.
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red marrow
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marrow that gives rise to blood cells.
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reproductive system
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organ system.
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sarcomere
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fundamental units of muscle contraction.
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sebacceous glands
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an exocrine gland in the skin. Produces an oily substance called sebum that is secreted into hair follicles and that then moves through them onto the skin.
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skeletal muscle
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the ordinary muscle that is attached to the bone and is contained in, for example, our biceps.
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skeletal system
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organ system. Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments. Support, protection, and fat and mineral storage.
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skin
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an organ organized in two parts: a thin outer covering, the epidermis, and a thicker underlying layer, the dermis, composed of mostly connecting tissue.
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smooth muscle
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Not striped, or “striated,” like the others. Is responsible for contractions of blood vessels, the uterus, the passageways of the lugs and other structures. (involuntary)
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spongy muscle
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Not striped, or “striated,” like the others. Is responsible for contractions of blood vessels, the uterus, the passageways of the lugs and other structures. (involuntary)
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spongy bone
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fills the epiphyses. Porous and contains marrow.
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sweat gland
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an exocrine gland in the skin. Gland that produces sweat.
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tendons
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cartilage. Tissues that join bone to muscle.
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tissue
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cells and cellular products that work together to perform a common function.
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urinary system
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organ system. Two major functions: elimination of waste products from blood. Also, conserving water, proteins, etc. that the body needs.
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Yellow Marrow
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marrow made up of energy-storing fat cells.
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Central nervous system
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one of two parts of the nervous system. The part consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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peripheral nervous system
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one of two parts of the nervous system. The portion outside the brain and spinal cord, plus sensory organs.
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afferent division
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any nerves that help carry messages to the brain or spinal cord are said to be part of this.
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efferent division
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and nerves that help carry messages from the b or s.c. are said to be part of this. (Effects change in various organs in the body)
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somatic nervous system
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that portion of the peripheral nervous system’s efferent division that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle.
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automatic nervous system
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that part of the peripheral nervous system’s efferent division that provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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sensory nueron
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a nervous-system cell that transmits signals. It senses conditions both inside and outside the body and brings this received information to the central nervous system.
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internueron
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interconnects other neurons. Helps in remembering things
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motor nueron
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a peripheral system neuron that sends instructions from the central nervous system to such structures as muscles or glands. (transmits to organs or tissues outside the nervous system)
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dendrites
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extensions of neurons that carry signals toward the neuronal cell body.
Axon: an extension of the neuron that carries signals away from the neuronal cell body. |
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mylelin
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some glia wrap their cell membranes around the axons in neurons. This membranous covering is called myelin.
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nerve
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a bundle of axons in the PNS that transmits information to or from the CNS.
Membrane Potential: The charge difference that exists from one side of the neuronal plasma membrane to the other. |
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action potential
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a temporary reversal of cell-potential that results in a conducted nerve impulse down an axon.
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synapse
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The area where all three— the sending of the neuron, the receiving cell, and the gap— between them come together.
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synaptic cleft
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The arrival of the action potential causes the synaptic terminal to release neurotransmitter molecules into the gap in the synapse. This gap is the synaptic cleft.
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neurotransmitter
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a chemical, secreted into a synaptic cleft by a neuron, that affects another neuron or an effector by binding with receptors on it.
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cerebrospinal fluid
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fills the central canal of the spinal cord. A fluid that circulates both in the spine and the brain, supplying nutrients, hormones, and immune-system cells and providing protection against any jarring motion.
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ganglion
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any collection of nerve-cell bodies in the PNS.
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reflexes
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automatic nervous system responses that help us avoid danger or preserve a stable physical state.
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sympathetic division
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Fight or Flight part of the autonomic nervous system. Helps the body to deal with emergencies.
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parasympathetic division
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rest-and-digest part of the autonomic nervous system. Conserves energy and helps to digest.
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cerebral cortex
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outer layer of the cerebrum, site of our highest thinking and processing.
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thalamus
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the sensory perceptions (see, hear taste, or touch) are channeled through the Thalamus before moving onto the cerebral cortex for processing.
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hypothalamus
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important in regulating drives and in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Tells us if we are hungry of thirsty.
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olfaction
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sense of smell
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cochlea
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the coiled ,membranous part of the inner ear in which vibrations are transformed into the nervous system signals perceived as sound.
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retina
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an inner layer of tissue in the eye containing cells that transform light into nervous system signals.
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photoreceptors
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sensory receptors for vision (rods and cones)
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rods
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function in low light, provide only black and white
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cones
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bright light, provide color vision.
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hormones
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substances secreted by one set of cells that travel through the bloodstream and affect the the activities of other cells.
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target cells
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cell types that can be affected by a given hormone
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endocrine glands
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glands that release their materials directly into the bloodstream or into surrounding tissues without using ducts.
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peptide hormones
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composed of chains amino acids.
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amino-acid-based hormones
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derived from a single amino acid.
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steroid hormones
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constructed around the chemical framework of the cholesterol molecule.
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homeostasis
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an organisms tendency to maintain a relatively stable environment.
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posteriur pituitary
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region of the gland stores and releases two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, that are produced by the brains hypothalamus.
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anterior pituitary
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region that under control of the brains hypothalamus, produces and releases hormones that work directly on target cells or on other endocrine glands
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non specific defenses
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immune system defenses that do not discriminate between one invader and the next.
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specific defenses
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provides protection against particular invaders.
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immunity
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a state of long lasting protection that the immune system develops against specific microorganisms.
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antigen
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any foreign substance that elicits an immune system response.
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phagocyte
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cell capable ingesting a cell, port of a cell, or other materials.
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histamine
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compound that, in the inflammatory response, brings about blood vessel dilation and increased blood vessel permeability.
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passively acquired immunity
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: gained by the administration of disease fighting substances, called antibodies.
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actively acquired immunity
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immunity developed as a result of accidental or deliberate exposure to an antigen.
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antibody mediated immunity
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immune system that works through the production of proteins called antibodies.
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cell mediated immunity
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production of cells that destroy other cells in the body.
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T-Cells
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the main cells of cell mediated immunity.
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antibody
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circulating IS protein that binds to a particular antigen.
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plasma cell
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IS B cell that is specialized to produce antibodies.
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memory b cell
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cells that remain in the body and if an invader comes in a second time they divide and produce more plasma cells.
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APC
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antigen presenting cells (cells harboring antigens)
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Cytotoxic T Cell
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Kill T Cells, latch onto infected cells and kill them.
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Helper T Cell
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helps activated both cell and antibody mediated immunity.
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HIV
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Human immunodeficiency virus.
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Autoimmune disorder
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attack by the immune system on the bodies own tissues.
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Formed Elements
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The portion of blood that consists of blood cells and cell fragments.
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Plasma
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The yellowish, upper layer, accounting for the rest of the volume (beside formed
elements) of blood. The Fluid portion of blood. |
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Red blood cells
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transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from every part of the body.
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white blood cells
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play a critical role in the immune system.
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platelets
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small Fragments of cells that important in the blood clotting process.
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low density lipoproteins
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carry cholesterol to outlying tissues from the liver and small intestine
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high density lipoproteins
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carry lipids from these tissues to the liver.
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arteries
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carry blood away from the heart
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veins
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carry blood back to the heart
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capillaries
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connecting the arteries to the veins are the smallest blood vessels of all.
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pulmonary circulation
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network of blood vessels where blood flows between the heart and the lungs.
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systematic circulation
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network of blood vessels where blood is moved from the heart to the rest of the body.
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aorta
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enormous vessel which has branches that will carry blood to all the tissues of the body.
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cornary arteries
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arteries that encircle the heart before they start branching.
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heart attack
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complete blockage of a coronary artery.
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bronchioles
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deliver air to the lungs.
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Alveoli
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air exchange chambers of the lungs.
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ventilation
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physical movement into and out of the lungs.
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digestive tract
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muscular tube that passes from the esophagus to the anus.
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peristalsis
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muscles that take turns producing waves of contraction that push materials along the length of the digestive tract.
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pharynx
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passageway that links the mouth with both the food transporting esophagus and the air transporting trachea.
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stomach
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temporary expandable storage site for food.
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chyme
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soupy mixture of food and gastric juices.
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small intestine
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runs between the stomach and the large intestine.
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pancreas
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gland that secretes digestive enzymes and chemical buffers to raise the PH of the chyme coming from the stomach.
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gallbladder
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an organ that stores and concentrates a digestive material called bile.
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Bile
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substance produced by the liver that fascilitates the digestion of fats.
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Liver
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reddish brown organ that is the central to the body’s metabolism of nutrients and that serves as a major storage site for blood.
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Large Intestine
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begins at the small intestine and ends at the anus.
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Kidneys
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produce urine while preserving useful blood borne materials.
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Urinary Bladder
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temporary storage site for urine.
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Urethra
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The bladder contracts and urine passes through
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nephron
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the functional unit of the kidneys.
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glomerulus
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knotted network of nephron capillaries.
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4 main processes of the Kidneys
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Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Concentration.
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antidiuretic hormone
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ADH part of the body that is able to control how much water is either sent to the bladder or retained in circulation.
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