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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between plasma and formed elements? |
Plasma is fluid, formed elements are cells and cell parts. |
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What is the function of erythrocytes? |
Carry oxygen |
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What is the function of leukocytes? |
Defend against pathogens |
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What is the function of platelets? |
Hemostasis |
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Which leukocytes are agranular? |
Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Which leukocytes are granular? |
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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What is the function of neutrophils? |
Phagocytize small particles |
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What is the function of eosinophils? |
Attack parasites |
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What is the function of basophils? |
Produce histamine |
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What is the function of monocytes? |
Phagocytize large particles |
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What is the function of lymphocytes? |
Immune defense |
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What are the three proteins found in plasma and their functions? |
Albumin- hemostatic pressure Globulin- antibodies Fibrinogen- hemostasis |
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Define hematocrit |
Percentage of blood composed of red blood cells |
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Define diapedesis |
Outward passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls |
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Define hematopoiesis |
Blood cell production |
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Define polycythemia |
Elevated amount of red blood cells |
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Define anemia |
Lowered amount of red blood cells |
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Define hemostasis |
Stoppage of bleeding |
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What is the function of red bone marrow and where is it located? |
Produces blood cells; Located in the bone ends |
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What is the function of yellow bone marrow and where it is located? |
Stores fat; Located in the bone shaft |
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What items are transported in plasma? |
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, amino acids, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, monosaccharides, nucleotides |
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How does hemostasis happen? |
Blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation |
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What is the function of hemoglobin? |
Carries oxygen |
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Describe the location of the heart |
In the thoracic cavity; between the lungs; in the ribcage; in front of the vertebrae |
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Name the two pericardial membranes and their functions |
Visceral (epicardium)- lines heart Parietal- lines pericardial cavity |
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What are the three layers of the heart? |
Epicardium- outermost Myocardium- muscle Endocardium- innermost |
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Describe the flow of blood through the cardiovascular system starting with the right atrium |
Right atrium; Right AV valve; Right ventricle; Pulmonary valve; Pulmonary trunk; Pulmonary arteries; Lungs; Pulmonary veins; Left atrium; Left AV valve; Left ventricle; Aortic valve; Aorta; Systemic arteries; Systemic veins; Venae cavae |
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Coronary arteries |
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What are the components of intrinsic conduction in the heart? |
Sinoatrial node- generates impulses for heartbeat Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers- stimulate contraction of papillary muscles at the same time the ventricles contract Atrioventricular node Bundle branches |
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Describe the parts of an EKG/ECG |
P wave- atrial depolarization QRS complex- atrial repolarization/ ventricular depolarization T wave- ventricular depolarization |
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Describe the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries? |
Arteries- carry blood away from the heart Veins- carry blood towards the heart Capillaries- where exchange occurs |
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What are the three layers of the artery wall? |
Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima |
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What is the purpose of precapillary sphincters? |
Regulate the flow of blood into the capillaries |
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What is systole? |
Ventricular contraction |
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What is diastole? |
Ventricular relaxation |
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What factors affect blood pressure? |
Emotional state, exercise, temperature |
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What is the difference between lymphatic and circulatory capillaries? |
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What anatomical adaptations enable lymphatic capillaries to absorb tissue fluid? |
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Describe the anatomy of lymphatic collecting vessels. |
Thinner walls than cardiac vessels; same three layers; semilunar valves on the inside |
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What are the major lymphatic trunks? |
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Where does lymphatic fluid return to the circulatory system? |
Lymphatic capillaries |
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Describe the anatomy of a lymph node |
Capsule- encases the lymph node Hilum- indentation Afferent lymphatic vessels- attach opposite the hilum Efferent lymphatic vessels- emerge from the hilum Trabeculae and reticular fibers- walls within the lymph node Medulla- area of less tightly packed immune cells |
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What is the function of afferent lymphatic vessels? |
Carry lymph into the lymph node |
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What is the function of efferent lymphatic vessels? |
Carry lymph away from the lymph node |
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What is the function of lymph nodes? |
Filters pathogens and other particles from the lymph |
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Describe the anatomy of the spleen |
Red pulp- purifying blood and removing old blood cells White pulp- produces immune and blood cells |
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Describe the location, function, and anatomy of the thymus |
Located behind sternum between the lungs; trains T lymphocytes; has two thymic lobes |
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What is the difference between nonspecific/ innate immune responses and specific/ adaptive immune responses? |
Nonspecific are general defenses present at birth. Specific target certain pathogens and are acquired after exposure to a particular pathogen. |
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How do skin and mucous membranes defend against infection? |
They prevent pathogens from entering the body |
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How does gastric juice defend against pathogens? |
It is acidic and dissolves pathogens |
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How does lysozyme defend against pathogens? |
It breaks down the cell wall of bacteria |
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How do interferons defend against pathogens? |
Produced by infected cells to warn nearby cells |
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How does inflammation happen and how does it defend the body? |
Blood vessels dilate, edema brings extra fluid to the area, fibrinogen seals the area It seals in an infection and brings more WBCs to fight the infection |
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What is margination? |
Accumulation and adhesion of leukocytes to the epithelial cells of blood vessel walls at the site of injury |
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What is chemotaxis? |
Attraction of leukocytes to the site of an infection |
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What is phagocytosis? |
Consumption of cells and particles by monocytes and neutrophils |
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What is opsonization? |
Process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated by a phagocyte |
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What are pyrogens? |
Substances that produce a rise in temperature |
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How does the complement system work? |
Specialized proteins circulate in the blood that activate an enzyme cascade when they see a particular pathogen |
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How does a fever help defense and how does it occur? |
Fever makes it difficult for pathogens to reproduce. They are produced by increased burning of calories or slowing blood flow to extremities where more heat is lost |
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How does the specific immune system differentiate between self and foreign cells? |
Antibodies detect certain antigens that are on foreign cells |
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What is the difference between T-cells and B-cells? |
T-cells attack pathogens directly while B-cells produce antibodies. |
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What are the organs of the respiratory system? |
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs |
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What is the function of the respiratory system? |
Bring in oxygen to the blood and release carbon dioxide |
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What is the difference between external and internal respiration? |
External respiration occurs between the lungs and the capillaries while internal respiration occurs between the capillaries and the body cells |
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What is the function of nasal passages? |
It brings air into the respiratory system |
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What is the function of the epiglottis? |
It prevents food and Water from entering the lower respiratory tract |
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What is the structure of the bronchial tube system? |
The bronchial tree branches into two bronchia, which branch into secondary and tertiary bronchia, which branch into bronchioles |
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What is the function of alveoli? |
This is where external respiration occurs |
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How do muscles aid in respiration? |
The diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity which reduces pressure and draws in air |
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What is compliance? |
The ability of the lung to expand |
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What is tidal volume? |
The amount of air exchanged during respiration |
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What is vital capacity? |
Maximum amount of air a person can expel |
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What is residual volume? |
The amount of air left in the lungs after expiration to keep them from collapsing |
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What is the difference between conducting and respiratory zones? |
The conducting zone is a series of tubes that filters air and conducts it to the lungs. The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange. |
