Bio 121 Exam 3

Front 1

WHAT ARE THE THREE NUMBERS TO KNOW? FOR CHOLESTEROL, SODIUM AND FIBER?

Back 1

300 MG CHOLESTEROL, 25 FIBER, AND 1500 FOR SODIUM

Front 2

WHAT PERCENTAGE IS WATER IN THE HUMAN BODY?

Back 2

60% FOR MEN, 55% FEMALES, AND 70% FOR NEWBORNS

Front 3

HOW MUCH WATER SHOULD YOU CONSUME IN A DAY?

Back 3

1-1/2 TO 3 QUARTS DAILY

Front 4

WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER?

Back 4

H20 = H-O-H

Front 5

WHAT IS FLUID IN THE CELL CALLED?

Back 5

INTRACELLULAR

Front 6

WHAT IS FLUID OUTSIDE OF THE CELL CALLED?

Back 6

EXTRACELLULAR ALSO REFERRED TO AS INTERSITITAL

Front 7

IS BLOOD EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID?

Back 7

YES!

Front 8

WHAT IS FLUID IN BLOOD VESSELS CALLED?

Back 8

INTRAVASCULAR

Front 9

WHAT IS A HYDRATION SPHERE?

Back 9

A WATER SOLUBLE SHELL OR SPHERE AND THE SHELL FORMS DUE TO ELECTRICAL FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN H20 AND SOLUTES.

Front 10

DEFINE AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Back 10

WHEN H2O IS THE SOLVENT, SO ANYTHING THAT IS DISSOLVED BY WATER

Front 11

DEFINE COLLOID

Back 11

A STABLE SUSPENSION

Front 12

DEFINE OSMOSIS

Back 12

TYPE OF DIFFUSION THAT ONLY INVOLVES WATER AND H20 MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION

Front 13

DEFINE AQUAPORINS

Back 13

WATER CHANNELS THAT ALLOW WATER TO MOVE IN AND OUT OF A CELL AND WE NEED THEM AND THEY ARE ALWAYS OPEN

Front 14

DEFINE TONICITY

Back 14

ABILITY OF A SOLUTION TO CHANGE THE SIZE OR SHAPE OF A CELL

Front 15

DEFINE ISOTONIC SOLUTION

Back 15

ISO=SAME, MEANS SAME # OF SOLUTES INSIDE CELL AS THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL

Front 16

WILL ATTACHED MOLECULES BE INVOLVED IN OSMOSIS?

Back 16

NO, ATTACHED MOLECULES MEANS THAT THEY ARE INVOLVED IN HYDRATION SPHERES, AND THEY WILL NOT BE INVOLVED IN OSMOSIS, ONLY FREE H20 MOLECULES WILL DIFFUSE

Front 17

DEFINE HYPOTONIC

Back 17

HYPO=BELOW, H20 DIFFUSES INTO CELL CAUSING CELL TO SWELL AND BURST AKA, LYSIS AND MEANS MORE FREE H20 MOLES OUTSIDE THE CELL AND MORE ATTACHED H20 IN HYDRATION SPHERES, WATER GOES INSIDE THE CELL AND BURSTS IT

Front 18

DEFINE HYPERTONIC

Back 18

HYPER=OVER OR ABOVE, H20 DIFFUSES OUTSIDE THE CELL AND CAUSES THE CELL TO SHRINK OR SHRIVEL AKA=CRENATION, SO MORE FREE H20 MOVES OUTSIDE THE CELL DUE TO LESS SOLUTES AND LESS FREE OUTSIDE THE DUE TO MORE SOLUTES ATTACHED AND FORMING HYDRATION SPHERES, IN AND OUT

Front 19

DEFINE ELECTROLYTES

Back 19

SUBSTANCES THAT BREAK DOWN IN H20 AS IONS AND CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICAL CURRENTS

Front 20

DEFINE ANION

Back 20

NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS

Front 21

DEFINE CATION

Back 21

POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS

Front 22

WHAT ARE THE MAIN 3 IONS?

Back 22

1) CHLORINE=CL-

2) POTASSIUM= K

3) SODIUM-NA+

Front 23

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF H20?

Back 23

TRANSPORTATION / MEDIUM FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS/ LUBRICANT / SHOCK ABSORBER / TEMP REGULATOR / HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT/ HEAT CAPACITY

Front 24

WHY IS H20 SO UNIQUE?

Back 24

BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO REQUIRE ALOT TO CHANGE ITS TEMP AND ALSO ITS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT

Front 25

DEFINE THERMOREGULATION

Back 25

BALANCE OF HEAT GAIN W/ HEAT LOSS

Front 26

HOW MUCH H20 DO WE GET FROM FOOD?

Back 26

2.12 LITERS PER DAY

Front 27

WHATS THE AVERAGE H20 OUTPUT PER DAY?

Back 27

2.5 LITERS

Front 28

WHAT IS INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS?

Back 28

YOU DON'T REALIZE THAT ITS HAPPENING IE: BREATHING, SKIN MOISTURE

Front 29

WHAT IS SENSIBLE WATER LOSS?

Back 29

YOU KNOW THAT ITS HAPPENING, IE: TEARS, SWEATING, FECES, URINE ETC/

Front 30

DEFINE HYPONATREMIA

Back 30

TOO MUCH WATER GAIN, IE: WATER INTOXICATION

Front 31

DEFINE DEHYDRATION

Back 31

INADEQUATE WATER INTAKE

Front 32

WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED SODIUM INTAKE LEVEL?

Back 32

1500 MG PER DAY OF SODIUM

Front 33

HOW MUCH SODIUM DOES THE AVERAGE US DIET CONSUME DAILY? LEVEL*

Back 33

ITS 2X TO 3X OVER THE 1500 MG PER DAY

Front 34

WHAT DOES EXCESS SODIUM DO IN THE BODY?

Back 34

INCREASES OR RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE DUE TO THE HYDRATION SPHERES

Front 35

DEFINE HYPERNATREMIA

Back 35

EXCESS THIRST OR DEHYDRATION

Front 36

DEFINE THE DASH DIET

Back 36

EATING FOOD LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND TOTAL FAT, THE DIET REDUCES SODIUM INTAKE AND INCREASES POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM INTAKE LEVELS WHICH HELPS TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE

Front 37

WHAT IS POTASSIUM ASSOCIATED WITH?

Back 37

LOWERING BLOOD PRESSURE

Front 38

DEFINE HYPERKALEMIA

Back 38

HIGH POTASSIUM LEVELS

Front 39

DEFINE HYPOKALEMIA

Back 39

LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS

Front 40

WHAT IS THE MOST CONSUMED BEVERAGE ACROSS ALL AGE LEVELS IN THE US?

Back 40

SODA

Front 41

HOW MUCH OF OUR BOTTLED WATER COMES FROM MUNICIPAL WATER?

Back 41

25%-40% OF BOTTLED WATER IS CITY WATER

Front 42

WHAT DOES CRANBERRY JUICE HELP?

Back 42

UTI'S, KIDNEYS AND BLADDER HEALTH

Front 43

WHAT DOES CITRUS JUICE HELP?

Back 43

SOME CANCERS

Front 44

WHAT DOES TOMATO JUICE HELP?

Back 44

LYCOPENE FOR EYES AND PROSTATE CANCERS

Front 45

DEFINE A PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG

Back 45

SOMETHING THAT ALTERS A PERSONS MOOD, THINKING, MEMORY, MOTOR SKILLS, AND BEHAVIOR

Front 46

WHAT IS TEA HIGH IN? WHY IS IT BETTER?

Back 46

IT IS HIGH IN CAFFEIENE AND ALSO PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS

Front 47

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON ETHANOL?

Back 47

ALCOHOL

Front 48

HOW MANY CALORIES IS A GRAM OF ALCOHOL?

Back 48

6.5 CALORIES PER GRAM

Front 49

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE THE BODY TO METABOLIZE ONE DRINK OF ALCOHOL?

Back 49

AT LEAST ONE HOUR FOR ONE DRINK

Front 50

WHERE IS ALCOHOL ABSORBED IN THE BODY?

Back 50

1) STOMACH 2) SMALL INTESTINES

Front 51

HOW MUCH MORE ALCOHOL BY PERCENT DO WOMEN ABSORB IN THE BLOOD?

Back 51

30%

Front 52

DEFINE BAC AND WHAT IS THE REF POINT

Back 52

BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT AND .08 IS THE REF POINT FOR EXAM #3

Front 53

WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME?

Back 53

WHEN PREGNANT WOMEN DRINK ALCOHOL AND THE BABY RECEIVES ALCOHOL AND HAS IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS ON THE FETUS

Front 54

WHAT ARE SOME RECOGNIZABLE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME?

Back 54

SMALL EYES, DROOPY EYE LIDS, MENTAL RETARDATION, IMPAIRED LEARNING, SHORT-UPTURNED NOSE

Front 55

DEFINE AN ATOM

Back 55

A BUILDING BLOCK FOR MATTER

Front 56

WHAT ARE THE 3 CHARGES OF ATOMS?

Back 56

1) PROTON=POSITIVE CHARGE

2) ELECTRON= NEGATIVE CHARGE

3) NEUTRON= NO CHARGE

Front 57

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS?

Back 57

AMINO ACIDS

Front 58

HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ?

Back 58

20

Front 59

WHAT IS GENERAL SHAPE OF ALL PROTEINS?

Back 59

3D RINGS

Front 60

WHAT ARE THE 3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS?

Back 60

1) NON-POLAR

2) POLAR

3) CHARGED

Front 61

HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS CLASSIFIED?

Back 61

1) R- BASED ON RESIDUE

2) G- SIDE CHAINS

Front 62

HOW MANY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE?

Back 62

9

Front 63

WHAT ARE THE FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE/ORGANIZATION?

Back 63

1) PRIMARY- LINEAR

2) SECONDARY- ALPHA-HELIX / BETA-PLEATED SHEETS

3) TERTIARY- FINAL SHAPE- 3D OF POLYPEPTIDES

4) QUATERNARY- SOME COMBINE TO FORM IT, FULLY FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN, MADE UP OF SMALLER INDIVIDUAL PROTEINS

Front 64

DEFINE DENATURATION

Back 64

WHEN THE SHAPE OF A PROTEIN CAN NO LONGER FUNCTION PROPERLY AND IT BECOMES INACTIVE

Front 65

WHAT DOES DENATURATION HELP WITH?

Back 65

BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS IN BODY AND HELPS TO DIGEST PROTEINS

Front 66

WHAT ARE SOME DENATURATING AGENTS?

Back 66

HEAT/ PH LEVELS/ SALT LEVELS/ MECHANICAL MIXING / SOME ACIDS OR BASES/ DETERGENTS/ HEAVY METALS

Front 67

WHAT ARE THE 8 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS

Back 67

1) ENZYMATIC PROTEINS

2) DEFENSIVE PROTEINS

3) STORAGE PROTEINS

4) TRANSPORT PROTEINS

5) HORMONAL PROTEINS

6) RECEPTOR PROTEINS

7) CONTRACTIVE AND MOFUTOR PROTEINS

8) STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

Front 68

WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF METABOLIZING PROTEINS IN THE BODY?

Back 68

1) PARTIAL BY PEPSIN ACID IN THE STOMACH

2) FURTHER BREAKDOWN/DIGESTION BY ENZYMES IN PANCREAS

3) FINAL DIGESTION OF PROTEINS TO AMINO ACIDS BY BRUSH BORDER CELLS

4) AMINO ACIDS ARE THEN ABSORBED INTO HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM AND THEN TAKEN INTO LIVER AND THEN BLOODSTREAM

5) REMAINING DIETARY FIBER IN FECES

Front 69

DEFINE PROTEIN TURNOVER

Back 69

PROCESS OF CONTINUAL BREAK DOWN OF PROTEINS AND BUILDING NEW ONES. AMINO ACIDS ARE RECYCLED.

Front 70

HOW MANY GRAMS OF PROTEINS DO ADULTS MAKE A DAY?

Back 70

250-300 GRAMS OF PROTEINS A DAY

Front 71

WHAT IS FOUND IN ANIMAL PROTEINS

Back 71

CONTAINS ALL 9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Front 72

WHAT IS FOUND IN PLANT PROTEINS;

Back 72

ALL EXCEPT SOY LIKE GRAINS AND VEGGIES ARE LOW IN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Front 73

DEFINE COMPLIMENTARY PROTEINS

Back 73

PLANT FOODS LIKE LEGUMES, GRAINS, VEGGIES NUTS ETC AND DO NOT CONTAIN ALL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS BUT EATEN IN COMBINATION WITH ANIMAL PROTEINS, CAN GAIN ALL NECESSARY AMINO ACIDS

Front 74

WHAT DOES PDCAAS STAND FOR?

Back 74

PROTEIN DIGESTABILITY CORRECTED AMINO ACIDS

Front 75

WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR NITROGEN BALANCE?

Back 75

NITROGEN (GRAMS) =0.16 AND DIVIDED BY TOTAL PROTEIN IN GRAMS

Front 76

HOW DO YOU CONVERT POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS?

Back 76

# OF LBS MULTIPLIED BY 1 KG= #OF KG DIVIDED BY 2.2 LBS

Front 77

WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS DO?

Back 77

FILTERS BLOOD AND PRODUCES URINE

Front 78

HOW MUCH BLOOD DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER EVERY DAY?

Back 78

190 LITERS OF BLOOD A DAY

Front 79

HOW MUCH URINE DO THE KIDNEYS PRODUCE EVERY DAY?

Back 79

1.5 LITERS PER DAY

Front 80

WHERE ARE THE KIDNEYS LOCATED?

Back 80

BELOW THE RIB CAGE

Front 81

WHAT HORMONES CONTROL KIDNEY FUNCTION?

Back 81

1) ADH- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE-LOW H20 LEVELS

2) RENIN- DECREASES IN BLOOD VOLUME

3) ANF- ATRIAL NATRIUTEIC FACTOR- REGULATES OR DETECTS AN INCREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME, AND PRESSURE

Front 82

WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY ELECTROLYTES?

Back 82

1) SODIUM- MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE

2) CHLORIDE- AIDS IN FLUID BALANCE

3) POTASSIUM- MAINTAINING SODIUM LEVELS AND FLUID BALANCE