Bio 112 Exam 3

Front 1

Sporophyte

Back 1

Diploid individuals that produce spores.

Front 2

Spore

Back 2

Haploid reproductive cells that divide mitotically.

Front 3

Gametophyte

Back 3

Haploid individuals that mitotically produce haploid gametes.

Front 4

Gametes

Back 4

Haploid sex cells.

Front 5

Zygote

Back 5

Diploid individual resulting from fusion of gametes.

Front 6

Protist reproductive cycle

Back 6

The sporophyte produces spores which turn into gametophytes that produce gametes. The gametes then fuse into a zygote.

Front 7

Endosymbiosis

Back 7

The theory that Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were originally prokaryotes that formed a symbiotic relationship with larger organisms (Endosymbionts).

Front 8

Nonvascular plants

Back 8

Plant that lack vascular tissue (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts).

Front 9

Vascular plants

Back 9

Plants with water-conducting xylem and food-conducting phloem.

Front 10

Dessication

Back 10

The tendency of organisms to lose water to the air.

Front 11

Cuticle

Back 11

Waxy secretion on exposed leaf surfaces which is impermeable to water, preventing water loss.

Front 12

Stomata

Back 12

Tiny mouth shaped openings which allow gas diffusion.

Front 13

Rhizome

Back 13

Horizontal underground stem, with roots emerging from the sides.

Front 14

Archegonium

Back 14

The female part where egg is formed.

Front 15

Antheridium

Back 15

The male part where the sperm is formed.

Front 16

Homosporous

Back 16

Produces only one type of spore.q

Front 17

Heterosporous

Back 17

Produces 2 types of spores, typically are seed-producing plants.

Front 18

Xylem

Back 18

Plant part that conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots.

Front 19

Phloem

Back 19

Plant part that conducts sucrose and hormonal signals throughout the plant.

Front 20

Rhizoid

Back 20

Filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants, especially mosses and liverworts.

Front 21

Fronds

Back 21

The leaves of a fern, which develop as tightly rolled up coils which unroll and expand.

Front 22

Sori

Back 22

Clusters of sporangia usually on the underside of the fronds.

Front 23

Gymnosperms

Back 23

The seed (ovule) rests exposed on a scale. Conifers (pines, firs, cedars, etc), cycads (look like palm trees), gnetophytes (shrub-like and found in desert/arid areas), and ginko.

Front 24

Angiosperm

Back 24

Flowering plants that have modified leaves encasing the ovule.

Front 25

Monocot

Back 25

Plants with a seed that has only one cotyledon (first leaves of plant), leaves with parallel veins, and flower parts in multiple's of 3's.

Front 26

Dicot

Back 26

Plants with a seed that has two cotyledon (first leaves of the plant), leaves with a network of veins, and flower parts are in multiples of 4's or 5's.

Front 27

Pedicel

Back 27

The end of the stalk where the flower originates.

Front 28

Whorls

Back 28

Circles in which flower parts are arranged.

Front 29

Sepals

Back 29

Leaflike structures surrounding the lower part of the flower.

Front 30

Petals

Back 30

Colored to attract pollinators.

Front 31

Stamen

Back 31

Male part consisting of the anther and the filament.

Front 32

Anther

Back 32

Pollen bearing stalk.

Front 33

Filament

Back 33

Stalk supporting the anther.

Front 34

Carpel

Back 34

Female part consisting of stigma, style, ovule, and ovary.

Front 35

Stigma

Back 35

Sticky tip of the carpel which allows pollen to adhere.

Front 36

Style

Back 36

Connects the stigma and the ovary.

Front 37

Ovule

Back 37

Eggs inside the ovary.

Front 38

Ovary

Back 38

Surrounds the ovule which develops into the fruit.

Front 39

Seed Coat

Back 39

The outer layer of the ovule which develops into an impermeable layer.

Front 40

Seed

Back 40

A vehicle of dispersal of the embryo.

Front 41

Follicles

Back 41

Fruits that split along one carpal edge only (columbines).

Front 42

Legumes

Back 42

Fruits that split along 2 carpal edges with seeds attached to carpal edges (peas, beans).

Front 43

Samaras

Back 43

Fruit that does not split with a wing formed from outer tissue (maples, elms).

Front 44

Drupes

Back 44

Single seed enclosed a hard pit (peaches, plums, coconuts).

Front 45

True Berries

Back 45

Fruits with more than one seed and a thin skin (blueberries, tomatoes).

Front 46

Hesperidia

Back 46

Fruits with more than one seed and a leathery skin (citrus).

Front 47

Aggregate Fruits

Back 47

Fruits derived from many ovaries of a single flower (strawberries, blackberries).

Front 48

Multiple Fruits

Back 48

Fruits derived from a cluster of flowers (pineapple).

Front 49

Pome

Back 49

Fruits derived from a compound ovary, flesh is edible, and becomes a hardened cores, where seeds are (apple, pear).

Front 50

Stem

Back 50

Plant framework for positioning of the leaves.

Front 51

Nodes

Back 51

Plant part on stems that holds the leaves.

Front 52

Internode

Back 52

Parts of the stem that are between the nodes of the plant.

Front 53

Meristems

Back 53

Undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells arise. They act like stem cells in animals.

Front 54

Apical Meristems

Back 54

Located at the tips of stems and roots, just behind the root. They are responsible for elongation of the roots and stems. Primary growth in plants is brought about by apical meristems.

Front 55

Lateral Meristems

Back 55

Peripheral cylinders of meristematic tissue within the stems and roots that produce an increase in the girth of a plant. This occurs typically in woody plants.

Front 56

Indeterminate growth

Back 56

Plant growth in which the main stem continues to elongate indefinitely without being limited by a terminal inflorescence or other reproductive structure.

Front 57

Determinate growth

Back 57

Plant growth in which the main stem ends in an inflorescence or other reproductive structure and stops continuing to elongate.

Front 58

Annual

Back 58

Plants that perform their entire life cycle from seed to flowerwithin a single growing season.

Front 59

Biennial

Back 59

Plants which require two years to complete their life cycle.

Front 60

Perennial

Back 60

Plants with life cycles that persist for many growing seasons.

Front 61

Dermal Tissue

Back 61

Tissue that forms the outer covering of the plants. This can be covered with the cuticle, or bark.

Front 62

Guard cell

Back 62

Cells that surround and protect the stomata.

Front 63

Trichome

Back 63

Hairlike outgrowth's of the epidermis frequently on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs. They keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation.

Front 64

Root Hairs

Back 64

Tubular extensions of epidermal cells behind the tips of young growing roots. They increase root's surface area and efficiency of absorption.

Front 65

Ground Tissue

Back 65

Tissue that consists of thin-walled parenchyma cells which function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion.

Front 66

Parenchyma Cells

Back 66

Most common type of plant cells with large vacuoles and thin walls.

Front 67

Collenchyma Cells

Back 67

Plant cells with walls that vary in thickness, and provide support for plant organs by allowing them to bend without breaking.

Front 68

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 68

Plant cells with tough thick walls which strengthen plant tissues.

Front 69

Transpiration

Back 69

The diffusion of water vapor from a plant.

Front 70

Simple leaf

Back 70

Leaf with undivided blades, but can be lobbed (maple, oaks).

Front 71

Compound leaf

Back 71

Leaf types that include Pinnately and Palmately leaves.

Front 72

Pinnately Compound leaves

Back 72

Leaflets arranged in pairs along a common axis.

Front 73

Palmately Compound leaves

Back 73

Leaflets radiate out from a common point.

Front 74

Alternate leaf arrangement

Back 74

Spiral around a shoot, one leaf per node.

Front 75

Opposite leaf arrangement

Back 75

2 leaves per node.

Front 76

Whorled leaf arrangement

Back 76

Circle of leaves at the same node.

Front 77

Alakaloids

Back 77

Plant toxins such as caffeine which can cause over-stimulation, sedation, or even death.

Front 78

Tannins

Back 78

Plant toxins that bind to proteins and inactivate them.

Front 79

Oils

Back 79

Plant secretions that act as natural insect repellents.

Front 80

Allelopathy

Back 80

Chemicals secreted by the roots of one plant blocks the germination of seeds nearby or inhibits growth of a neighboring plant.

Front 81

Auxin

Back 81

Plant hormone that stimulates stem and root elongation, functions in phototropism and gravitropism by inducing cell division.

Front 82

Cytokinins

Back 82

Plant hormone that stimulates cytokinesis.

Front 83

Gibberellins

Back 83

Plant hormone that stimulate stem elongation, leaf growth, fruit growth, pollen production, and seed germination.

Front 84

Brassinosteroids

Back 84

Plant hormone that is similar to sex hormones of animals.

Front 85

Abscisic Acid

Back 85

Plant hormone that inhibits growth, closes stomata, promotes seed dormancy, dessication tolerance.

Front 86

Ethylene

Back 86

Plant hormone that is produced in response to stress (drought, flooding, injury). Promotes fruit ripening, dropping leaves.

Front 87

Photomorphogenesis

Back 87

Non-directional, light triggered development.

Front 88

Phototropisms

Back 88

Direction responses, and are triggered by red light receptors.

Front 89

Gravitropism

Back 89

Plant response to the gravitational field of Earth, through the hormone Auxin.

Front 90

Thigmotrophism

Back 90

Directional growth response of a plant from contact with an object, animal, plant or wind.

Front 91

Turgor Movement

Back 91

Plant movement in response to touch through the use of turgor pressure.

Front 92

Turgor pressure

Back 92

Pressure due to the diffusion of water into plant cells.

Front 93

Pulvini

Back 93

Multicellular swellings at the base of leach leaf or leaflet which stores water for turgor pressure.

Front 94

Circadian Rhythms

Back 94

A biological rhythm they use which is usually "set" to every 23 or 24 hours.

Front 95

Hyphae

Back 95

Slender filaments that can be continuous, branching tubes, or long chains of cells arranged end-to-end.

Front 96

Septa

Back 96

Cross-walls which divide hyphae.

Front 97

Mycelium

Back 97

A mass of connected hyphae. It grows into the substrate into which the fungus is growing.

Front 98

Monokaryotic

Back 98

Which each compartment of hypha has only one nucleus.

Front 99

Dikaryotic

Back 99

Hyphae with 2 nuclei.

Front 100

Heterokaryotic

Back 100

When a dikaryotic or multinucleate hypha has nuclei derived from 2 genetically different individuals.

Front 101

Homokaryotic

Back 101

Hyphae whose nuclei are genetically identical to one another.

Front 102

Obligate symbiosis

Back 102

Occurs when symbiosis is essential for survival.

Front 103

Facultative symbiosis

Back 103

Occurs when fungus can survive without the host.

Front 104

Lichens

Back 104

Mutualistic associations between fungi and algae.

Front 105

Mycorrhizae

Back 105

Mutualistic associations between fungi and the roots of plants which can aid in absorption.

Front 106

Ergots

Back 106

Parasitic fungi that grows on rye seeds. If consumed, it causes gengrene, spasms, hallucinations, and temporary insanity.