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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Phylum Annelida - who? body cavity? diplo/triplo? proto/deutero?
segmented worms; coelomate; triploblastic; protostome
What are Oligochaetes and some characteristics of them?
earthworms - few setae, have both mouth and anus, paired ganglia, closed circulatory system, one excretory system per segment, hermaphrodites (NO asexual)
What are setae?
bristels on each segment
What are Polychaetes?
"christmas tree" worms (ex) - parapodia, mostly marine
What are Hirudina?
leeches
Phylum Arthropoda - body cavity? diplo/triplo? proto/deutero? circulatory system?
coelomate; triploblastic; protostome; open circulatory system
What is the exoskeleton of Arthropods composed of?
chitin
What are Subphylum Chelicerata?
spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs; have chelicerae - feeding appendages; no antenna; four pair walking legs
What are Subphylum Uniramia?
centipedes, millipedes, hexapoda (insects)
What is entymology?
the study of insects
What are some characteristics of insects?
six legs; sexual reproduction; undergo some kind of metamorphosis
What is the general insect anatomy?
head, thorax - 2 pair wings and legs, abdomen
What is Subphylum Crustacea?
"bugs of the sea;" antenna, walking legs on abdomen; exoskeleton hardened by calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
What are some characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata?
spiny skin, bilateral, triploblastic, deuterostomes, coelomates, sessile or slow moving, sexually reproduce
What is an endoskeleton?
hard, calcium-containing internal plates
What does the water vascular system for Echinodermata do?
inflates water filled sacs for movement; aids in motion, feeding, and gas exchange
What are four unique characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and muscular post-anal tail
What are the two groups of invertebrate Chordates?
tunicates and lancets
What are some characteristics of tunicates?
U-shape body plan, sessile filter feeders
What are some characteristics of lancets?
blade-like shape, filter feeder
What are some characteristics of Subphylum Vertebrata?
notochord replaced with verterbra that makes up the spinal column; distinct head, highly cephalized
What are Agnathans and what are some of their characteristics?
jawless fish; no paired fins, either scavengers or parasites
What are Chondricthyes and what are some of their characteristics?
cartilaginous fish; active carnivores, well-developed senses
What is the cloaca?
common opening for excretory system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract
What are Osteichthyes and what are some of their characteristics?
bony fish; calcium phosphate endoskeleton, gas exchange primarily through gills, but some have simple lungs
What are some characteristics of Amphibians?
tetrapods, no gills, not totally free of water - need it for gas exchange and some reproduction
What makes up an amniotic egg?
outer shell, yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
What are some characteristics of Amniotes?
amniote egg, ribs, less permeable skin, more elevated stance
What are characteristics of Class Reptilia?
scales with protein keratin, use lungs, sexually reproduce, ectothermic
What does oviparous mean?
eggs hatch outside of the mother's body
What are characteristics of Class Aves?
feathers, scales on legs, anatomical modifications for flight, endothermic
What are characteristics of Class Mammalia?
hair composed of keratin, mammary glands, four chambered heart, diaphragm, larger brain size, modified teeth for chewing
What are the three groups of mammals?
monotremes, marsupials, eutharian (placental)
What are monotremes?
lay eggs, do not have a placenta, have hair and milk
What are marsupials?
born very early in development, completely development while in a pouch
What are the eutharian (placental) mammals?
complete development in uterus, connected to mother and receive nutrition through placenta
What is anatomy?
study of the structure of the body and how its parts fit together
What is physiology?
how the parts of the body function
What is homeostasis?
maintaining a relatively stable environment
what is negative feedback?
mechanism for maintaining homeostasis - have some sort of element that brings about a response and that response reduces the element's activity
What are the body cavities?
dorsal and ventral
What is in the dorsal body cavity?
cranial and spinal cavities
What is in the ventral cavity?
thorascic - heart and lungs; abdominopelvic - digestive and excretory systems; diaphragm
What are tissues?
made up of groups of cells and their products that work to perform a common function
What are organs?
complexes of several tissue types that perform special bodily functions
What are organ systems?
collections of interrelated organs and tissues
What are Epithelial Tissues?
tissues that come in contact with the external environment; important as protective barriers and transport of nutrients
What do glands do?
secrete some sort of liquid-like substance
What are Connective Tissues?
stabilize and provide support; almost never come into contact with the external environment in normal situations
What are Muscle Tissues and three kinds of them?
have the specialized ability to contract; skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
What is Nervous Tissue?
specialized for transmitting electrical impulses; neurons carry signal back and forth
What does the Integumentary System consist of?
skin, hair, nails, and associated glands
What are functions of the Integumentary System?
control of body temp, protection against injury, infection, and water loss; barrier between internal and external environments; sensory inputs
What is the epidermis?
outermost layer - many layers of epithelial tissue
What is the dermis?
layer directly beneath the epidermis, contains hair follicles and sweat glands; connective tissue; blood vessels and nerves are very rich in this area
What is the hypodermis?
below the dermis, connective tissue; contains subcutaneous fat - important for thermoregulation
What are the exocrine glands?
secrete their products through tubes or ducts; sweat glands, sebaceous glands
What do merocrine sweat glands do?
produce perspiration
What do apocrine sweat glands do?
produce sweat mixed with other secretions that can allow bacteria to grow and cause body odor
What do sebaceous glands do?
secrete an oily substance called sebum - lubricates hair, limits bacterial growth on skin
What protein are nails and hair made of?
keratin
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
support, calcium storage, protection, and movement
What are ligaments?
connect bones to other bones; made of collagen
What are tendons?
connect muscle to bone (***not part of the skeletal system)
What is cartilage and what is it made of?
acts as cushioning material; made up of collagen and chondroiton sulfate
How many bones does the human body have?
206
What is the axial skeleton?
skull, spine, and ribs
What is the appendicular skeleton?
arms, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and legs
What are joints?
places where bones meet
What kind of joints are there?
ball and socket, hinge, and pivot
What is the long bone structure?
diaphysis, epyphisis, red marrow, and yellow marrow
Where is red marrow found and what's in it?
in space of epiphyses, spongy bone; were red and white blood cells originate
Where is yellow marrow found and what is it?
surrounded by dense bone in the central marrow cavity; fatty storage tissue
What is an osteoblast - what makes it up and what does it do?
produces new bone, secretes collagen for flexibility; contains minerals - calcium, phosphate, and some magnesium for rigidity and strength
What is an osteocyte and what does it do?
mature bone cells formed from osteoblasts; maintains structure and density of normal bone
What does an osteoclast do?
breaks down bone to release calcium into the bloodstream
What is an osteon?
osteocyte that is surrounded by concentric rings of bone around the central canal
What is skeletal muscle made up of?
individual oval-shaped fasicle
What is within the fasicle?
separate muscle fibers
What are sarcomeres?
unit within a muscle fiber; gives muscle striated appearance
What are the proteins in sarcomeres and what do they do?
actin bands - very thin, connected to either end of the sarcomere; myosin bands - thicker band in center of sarcomere. Together, they allow muscles to contract.
What begins a muscle contraction?
nervous impulse - nerves transmit a signal to the muscle cell to cause contraction
What is a neurotransmitter?
small molecule secreted by a nerve that causes another cell to have some action
What does a neurotransmitter cause?
calcium release from specialized endoplasmic reticulum where it is stored
During contraction, what happens to the actin proteins?
they get pulled together
What does myosin do during contraction?
heads reach out to actin and pull back - each head breaks down 1 ATP to provide the necessary energy to reach out to actin and bind
What is troponin?
associated protein with actin, involved in calcium effect, and acts as an anchor for tropomyosin
What is tropomyosin?
associated protein with actin, involved in calcium effect, and found extended along actin in between troponin
What does troponin do when it is bound to actin?
it positions tropomyosin to prevent myosin from binding to actin
What does troponin do when it binds to calcium?
moves tropomyosin, unblocking myosin binding sites on actin, then myosin binds actin and muscle contracts
What is a twitch?
one cycle of myosin binding with actin, pulling and releasing
What are fast twitch muscles?
go through the process more quickly and generate more power
What are slow twitch muscles?
go through the process more slowly and generate less power, but can sustain that power for a longer period of time
Why can slow twitch muscles sustain power for a longer period of time?
have a high amount of myoglobin protein that binds oxygen in the muscle
What are functions of the nervous system?
receive information, process that information, and send out instructions
What are the two types of nervous tissue?
neurons, glial cells
The Nervous System is divided into the __ and __. These are further divided into...
CNS; PNS - afferent and efferent. under efferent - somatic and autonomic. under autonoic - sympathetic, and parasympathetic
What does a neuron consist of?
dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminals
What are the three types of neurons?
sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
What is the myelin sheath?
wrapping of glial cell membrane around the axon
What do glial cells do?
support tissue for neurons, clean up dead or damaged tissue, may modify neuronal signals, and may control how neurons communicate
What is a nerve?
bundle of axons in the PNS
What is membrane potential?
the charge difference across the membrane