Bio 112 Exam 1

Front 1

Population Genetics

Back 1

Genetic changes in populations

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Microevolution

Back 2

A change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation.

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Species

Back 3

A group of individuals that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Gene pool

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All alleles found in a population at any one time.

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Fixed Allele

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An allele that is for the same gene in all individuals of the population.

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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The frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant over the generation unless acted upon by agents other than segregation and recombination.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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The repeated shuffling of a population's gene pool over the generations cannot increase the frequency of one allele relative to another.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equation

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p^2+2pq+q^2=1 or p+q=1

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Genetic Drift

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The frequencies of particular alleles randomly change drastically.

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Founder Effect

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A few individuals from a larger population colonize a new area, and their genetic makeup doesn't accurately represent the gene pool of the larger population.

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Bottleneck Effect

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A disaster that causes a drastic drop in the size of the population, with the survivors not representative of the original gene pool.

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Assortive Mating

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When phenotypically similar individuals mate, causing an increase of the homozygous individuals.

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Disassortive Mating

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When phenotypically different individuals mate, causing an increase in the heterozygous individuals.

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Mutation

Back 14

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, typically random and affecting any gene locus.

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Gene flow

Back 15

The movement of alleles from one population to another.

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Artificial Selection

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When a breeder selects for desired characteristics.

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Sexual dimorphism

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Marked differences between sexes in secondary sexual structures.

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Intrasexual Selection

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Competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the other sex (often female).

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Intersexual Selection

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When individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mate. This typically results in one sex being more elaborate than the other.

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Adaptations

Back 20

Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.

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Evolution

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How an entity changes through time.

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Natural Selection

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(Survival of the fittest) evolutionary change resulting when some individuals in a population which possess certain inherited characteristics produce more surviving offspring than individuals which lack these characteristics.

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Charles Darwin

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"Father of evolution" Traveled to Galapagos Islands and witnessed the variety of finch species.

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Lamarck

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Scientist who argued that species had the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, and the Use and Disuse theory.

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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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Individuals passed characteristics on to their which they had acquired during their lifetime.

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Use and Disuse

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The idea that parts of the body that are used get larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate.

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Convergent Evolution

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The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages ( insect and bird wings).

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Divergent Evolution

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Members of the same species evolve in to different species, thus having a common ancestor.

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Natural Theology

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The belief that adaptations are evidence of a creator's plan.

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Paleontology

Back 30

Study of fossils.

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Fossils

Back 31

Impressions of organisms from the past preserved in rock.

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Sedimentary Rock

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Sand and mud that settles in areas covering previous layers of rock and compressing them.

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Strata

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The layering of sedimentary rock.

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Relative Dating

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Determining a rock's age by observing their position with respect to one another.

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Absolute Dating

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Using radioactive decay to date rocks.

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Macroevolution

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The creation of new taxonomic groups or species, genera, family, or kingdoms.

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Speciation

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The creation of new species.

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Anagenesis

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When one species changes into a new one, replacing the original species.

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Cladogenesis

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The branching off of the original species, in which two species are formed.

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Sympatric Speciation

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A small population within the original population becomes a new species without geographic separation.

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Allopatric Speciation

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A portion of a population becomes geographically isolated from its parent population.

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Polyploidy

Back 42

Non-segregation in meiosis changes chromosome number.

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Adaptive Radiation

Back 43

The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 44

Speciation occurs in rapid spurts.

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Gradualism

Back 45

Speciation occurs slowly over time as a species accumulates small changes which eventually add up to a new species.

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Stromalites

Back 46

Fossilized mats similar to layered microbial mats.

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Hydrothermal vents

Back 47

Hot volcanic outlets in the deep sea floor.

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Spontaneous generation

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The thought that life could arise from nonliving matter through spontaneous generation.

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Biogenesis

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All life arises only by the reproduction of preexisting life.

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Phylogeny

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The study of the pattern of events that led to the diversity of life.

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Systematics

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The study of biological diversity, encompassing taxonomy and the reconstruction of the phylogenic history.

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Taxonomy

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The science of classifying living thing.

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Taxon

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A group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system.

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Cladistics

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The process of drawing phylogenic trees.

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Homologous structures

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Similar structures indication common ancestry.

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Analogous structures

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Similar structures but from different ancestors.

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Mineralized fossils

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All organic parts of the bones is replaced by local minerals.

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Organic fossils

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Preserved organic materials typically in amber or ice.

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Imprint fossils

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Replicas of what once existed (imprints).

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Clades

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Each evolutionary branch in a cladogram.

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Monophyletic clades

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An ancestral species and all of its descendant species.

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Paraphyletic clades

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Consist of an ancestor and some, but not all of that ancestor's descendants.

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Polyphyletic clades

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Two or more groups unrelated species descended from more than one ancestor.

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Shared primitive character

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A character shared by the common ancestor of the group.

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Shared derived character

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A character unique to a particular clade.

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Outgroup

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A group outside the groups in question that is least closely related to the other groups being compared.

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Ingroup

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The other groups that share a similar characteristic.

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Behavior

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The sum of an animal's response to external and internal stimuli.

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Ethology

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The study of how animals behave.

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Behavioral Ecology

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The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior.

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Proximate Causation

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"How" a behavior occurs or is modified.

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Ultimate Causation

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"Why" a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection.

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Fixed action patterns

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Linked behaviors to simple stimuli, and are essentially unchangeable, which are usually carried to completion.

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Sign Stimulus

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An external cue that acts as a trigger for a fixed action pattern.

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Oriented movement

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Types of movements that are based upon environmental cue.

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Kinesis

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A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus (Sow bug activity based on moisture levels).

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Taxis

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An oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus.

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Migration

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A regular, long distance change in location.

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Circadian Rhythm

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A daily cycle of rest and activity, based on light and dark cycles.

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Circannual Rhythm

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Behavioral rhythms linked to yearly cycles of seasons.

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Signal communication

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A stimulus transmitted from one animal to another.

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Habituation

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A loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information.

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Imprinting

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The formation at a specific age in a life of long-lasting behavioral response to an individual or object.

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Sensitive period

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A limited developmental phase when certain behaviors can be learned.

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Spatial learning

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The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure through the use of landmarks.

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Landmarks

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An object or stimuli that can be used to build a cognitive map.

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Cognitive maps

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A representation in the nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.

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Associative learning

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The ability to associate an environmental feature (like color) with another (like foul taste).

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Monogamy

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One male mating with one female.

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Polygamy

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One sex with multiple other members of the opposite sex.

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Polygyny

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One male mating with numerous females.

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Polyandry

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One female mating with numerous males.

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Density

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The number of individuals per unit area or volume.

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Mark-Recapture Method

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Traps are placed within the boundary of the study area, and the captured animals are marked and released. Then, the traps are set out again.

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Dispersion

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The pattern of spacing among individuals within the geographic boundaries of a population.

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Life-tables

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Age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population.

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Cohort

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Group of individuals of the same age from birth to death.

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Survivorship curves

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Plots of the proportion or # of members in a cohort still alive at each age.

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Reproductive tables

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Age specific summaries of the reproductive rates in a population.

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Big-Bang Reproduction

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One-time reproduction.

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Repeated reproduction

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Repeated reproductive events that are close together.

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Carrying Capacity

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The maximum population size that a particular environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat.

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Exponential growth

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When a population expands greatly due to a surplus of resources.

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K-selected

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Late reproductive age, longer life span and maturation time, few offspring, extensive parental care.

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R-selected

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Early reproductive age, shorter life span and maturation time, many offspring, no parental care.