Bio Exam 3

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Genotype

Back 1

the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.

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Phenotype

Back 2

the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment.

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Allele

Back 3

any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation.

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Homozygous alleles

Back 4

Alleles that are identical; contain identical DNA nucleotide sequences (e.g. BB, have identical expression)

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Heterozygous alleles

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Alleles that are not identical in their DNA nucleotide sequence (e.g. "A" and "a"; have slightly different expressions)

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Autosome

Back 6

Any chromosome other than the sex chromosome.

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Sex (X)-linkage

Back 7

defective allele on the X chromosome

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Nondisjunction

Back 8

disease caused by failure of paired chromosomes to separate in Anaphase I, or chromatids in Anaphase II

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Autotroph

Back 9

Organisms that can capture sunlight energy and synthesize, using that sunlight energy, organize compounds from inorganic molecules.

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Chloroplast

Back 10

a plastid containing chlorophyll

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Photosynthesis

Back 11

the synthesis of complex organic materials, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, using sunlight as the source of energy and with the aid of chlorophyll and associated pigments.

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Calvin cycle

Back 12

Using ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce the high energy containing molecule glucose

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Light reactions

Back 13

Process of capturing sunlight energy in ATP and NADPH, and releasing oxygen

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ATP

Back 14

The energy currency
of life

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NADPH

Back 15

a coenzyme found in plant cells. It is a substance that aids in electron transfer during photosynthesis

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Glycolysis

Back 16

Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose into smaller pieces (pyruvic acid), making a little bit ATP

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Mitochondria

Back 17

energy production of cells
Cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and ETP) occur on the membrane of these

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Cellular respiration (aerobic)

Back 18

in cytoplasm; breaking glucose bonds in pyruvic acid and other molecules to produce NADH, FADH, ATP, and release CO2, and H2O
Krebs Cycle and ETP
process in which energy from different food sources are broken down in order to provide just the right amount of energy for the organism to be able to perform a particular set of activities

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Krebs Cycle

Back 19

breaking down pyruvic acid into NADPH and ATP (energy) + Co2

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ETC

Back 20

pumps electron ions across membrane -generates ATP (get most ATP from ETC)

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Ecosystem

Back 21

All the life in a given area interacting with itself, and the interaction of this life with the non-living physical environment

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Food web

Back 22

All the food (energy) relationships in a community

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Trophic level

Back 23

Steps in the flow of energy through an ecosystem; producers at bottom, primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumer eat primary consumers, tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers

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10% rule

Back 24

Dynamics of energy flow are not equal among trophic levels: At producer level 10,000 energies available - only 10% of that is actually available to the next consumer level

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Natural capital

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Ecosystems services that support life on earth, and are essential to human life and functioning of the world’s economy

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Keystone species

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species that have a significant influence on the efficient functioning and biodiversity of an ecosystem.

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Ocean acidification

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Progressive decrease in ocean pH (becoming more acidic) due to carbon dioxide (CO2) reacting with seawater to form carbonic acid, release H ions, and reduce carbonate ions

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Coral reefs

Back 28

Corals are made up of coral polyps (animals) and algae

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Coral bleaching

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Discoloration of coral reefs due to death of algae that live with within the coral animals

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Introduced species

Back 30

Argentine fire ant causes $600 million damage per year to crops, phone and power lines; wipe out 90% of native ants
Thumb-nail sized mussel, introduced into Great Lakes in 1986 by Russian ships.

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Phenology

Back 31

the science dealing with the influence of climate on the recurrence of such annual phenomena of animal and plant life as budding and bird migrations.

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Evolution

Back 32

change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.

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Natural selection

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Variation exists in populations
Environmental resources are limited, and therefore, all of the offspring produced do not survive
Offspring that are best adapted to their environment survive, mature, and go on to leave more offspring
Traits are heritable

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Antibiotic resistance

Back 34

Resistance to antibiotics occurs when disease-causing bacteria evolve adaptations that make them resistant. As a result, resistant bacteria survive and leave more offspringthan those individuals not resistance to the antibiotic, resulting in a population of resistant bacteria.

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Variation

Back 35

a marked deviation from the typical form or function

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Selection pressure

Back 36

Variation exists in populations
Traits are heritable (i.epassed along to offspring)
Environmental resources are limited, and therefore, all of the offspring produced do not survive
The offspring that are best adapted to their environment survive, mature, and go on to leave more offspring

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Adaptation

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a form or structure modified to fit a changed environment.

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Exponential growth

Back 38

no limiting factors keeping population from growing out of control; ex: humans

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Logistic growth

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all other species; levels off because various eliminating factors (hare and lynx - higher the hare population means higher the lynx population)

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Limiting factors

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1. Predation pressure
2. Competition for food
3. Food quality and availability
4. Disease and carrying capacity

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Carrying capacity

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limiting factor ->most species stay around here

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Biodiversity

Back 42

the variety of genes, species and ecosystems in the world