Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 functions of the lymphatic system
|
drain excess fluid (leakage from circulatory system, fluids from cells)
transport of lipids from small intesting moves non-self material |
|
|
Spleen, filters
|
removes pathogens, old cells dibris
|
|
|
2 compartments of spleen
|
red pulp (RBC)
white pulp (WBC) |
|
|
thymus
|
differnt lymphocytes
secreted hormones |
|
|
two lines of deffense
|
innate defense (non specific)
defense due to structure do NOT require pathogens Aquired defense mechanisms (specific) defense due to cellular response require pathogen |
|
|
innate defense mechanisms include
|
surface barriers
skin secretion of chemicial compounds mucasal linings |
|
|
microflora
|
bacteria on body
|
|
|
secretion of chemical compounds
|
adjust PH of body
salts - hypotonic lysosomes |
|
|
leukocytes WBC types
|
macrophage
natural killer cells complement proteins |
|
|
macrophage
|
eat non-self material
phagocytosis |
|
|
natural killer cells
|
target cancerous cells
target infected cells targeted cells undergo program cell death |
|
|
complement proteins
|
common component of blood plasma
part of the complement system |
|
|
membrane attack complex
|
blah this is confusing
|
|
|
inflamatory response
|
reaction to trauma
|
|
|
steps to inflammation response
|
physical penetration of skin
early events edema late events |
|
|
early events of inflammation response
|
release of chemicals by not motile connictive tissue
vascular constriction vascular dialation increased blood flow (warmth and redness) |
|
|
edema
|
fluid accumulation @ site (swelling)
dilution of toxins influx od lekocytes influx of complement proteins pus may form |
|
|
late events
|
immune cells go to injury
macrophages come cells produce antibodies fever may be induced (bacteria cannot live above certain temp) |
|
|
immune response triggered by
|
allergen
|
|
|
most of bodies immunbe responses use
|
lymphocytes
|
|
|
B-Cells
|
Differentiated in BONE marrow
|
|
|
plasma cells produce
|
antibodies
|
|
|
memory cells
|
don't make antibodies
allows for quick response |
|
|
bcells provide
|
antibody mediated immunity
|
|
|
T cells
|
differiented in thymus
no antibodies |
|
|
t cells can
|
target non self cells and kill them
put off chemical signals cell mediated community cell |
|
|
how does the body recognise itself
|
cells that code for self
major histocompatibility complex genes of complex proteins |
|
|
B cells
|
produce antibodies (via plasma cells)
|
|
|
b cell antibodies composed of
|
4 proteins forming a y shape
|
|
|
tip of y (b cell antibody)
|
binds antibodies to cell and stimulate phagocytosis
|
|
|
colonal selection theory
|
a specific antigen stimulates only a few b cells to repoduce
produces b cell lineage each cell has idential genes forms a population of b cells that can become plasma cells forms antibodies against antiggen that stimulates repro |
|
|
due to mutations many b cells are made to recognise and respond to
|
antigen before antigen introduced
|
|
|
you can be born with b cells
|
that can help you out
|
|
|
plasma cells (are b cells)
|
antibody producing factory (2000 antibodies a second)
cells las 5-7 days |
|
|
memory cells
|
provide rapid response
last a long time |
|
|
types of t cells
|
t helper cells
t suppressor cells t delayed type hypersensity cells t cytotxic cells |
|
|
t helper cells
|
help immune system function
produce chemicals that regulate systems |
|
|
t suppressor cells
|
release chemicals that stop an immunse response
|
|
|
t dth cells
|
release chemical activates macrophage and stops their migriting
|
|
|
t cytotxic cells
|
kills non self cells
|
|
|
all organisms must
|
maintain osmotic balance
take in resources expel wastes transpot molecules |
|
|
how transport and mainting balance is done in simple animals
|
diffusion
osmosis facilitated diffusion |
|
|
more complex animals
|
are larger
can no longer rely on positive transport more resources and more wastes |
|
|
circulation evolved to
|
maintain homeostasis
|
|
|
open circulatory system
|
body cavity is open to circulatory fluid
fluids move by simple pump not efficent |
|
|
closes circulatory system
|
fluids sent to different areas of body cavity
(series of tubes, effient, unidirectional) |
|
|
when system is increased in complexity
|
flow of blood need to be redirected to lungs
pulmonary system systematic system |
|
|
plasma
|
60% of blood
|
|
|
plasma contains
|
proteins
nutrients clotting factors defense reactions |
|
|
rbc
|
eruthrocytes
transport and transfer |
|
|
wbc
|
leukocytes
deals with bodies autoimmune many different |
|
|
platlets
|
clotting
|
|
|
2 paths of cv system
|
pulmonary circut
systemic flow |
|
|
pulmonary circut
|
to lungs and arteries
|
|
|
systemic flow
|
rest of body
|
|
|
how blood flows
|
right atrium > tricuspid > right ventricle > semilunar valve > pulmanary circut > lungs > aleoli exchange gasses > pulmanry vein > left atrium > bicuspid > left ventricle > semilunar circut > systematic circut >leaves through aorta > venuals > veins > vana cava > right atrium
|
|
|
when heart is relaxed
|
blood enters
|
|
|
distole
|
heart is relaxed
|
|
|
systole
|
heart is constricted
|
|
|
when heart contracts
|
first atria contracts, thing ventricals contract
|
|
|
SA NODE
|
is pacemaker (contracts heart)
|
|
|
AV node
|
delay point
|
|
|
What happens when signal reaches AV node
|
delays signal, atria fully contracted
vntricles conract then the signal is passed to the apex of heart |
