Bio 205- Exam 3

Front 1

Define Immunity

Back 1

The body's ability to resist infectious disease through non specific and specific mechanisms

Front 2

Define Non-specific immunity

Back 2

An inborn set of pre existing defences against pathogens

Front 3

Is Non-specific immunity present at birth?

Back 3

Yes, it offers instant protection

Front 4

Does non-specific immunity work against a wide variety of pathogens and pathogen products?

Back 4

Yes

Front 5

What lines of defense are included in non-specific immunity?

Back 5

Both First and Second lines of defense

Front 6

Where in the body are mucous membranes located?

Give examples (6)

Back 6

Line all body cavities open to the exterior.

Ex: respiratory tract, digestive tract, reproductive tract, urinary tract and conjunctiva

Front 7

Explain the role of intact skin as components of non-specific immunity

Back 7

Intact skin acts as a barrier and dry skin inhibits growth of most microbes. Sweat on skin contains salt that draws water out of microbes and the normal flora of skin out competes pathogens

Front 8

What does the Seabum of skin do?

Back 8

Decreases the pH which most microbes don't tolerate. Also softens skin making it less likely to tear

Front 9

Are Dendritic cells in skin phagocytes?

Back 9

Yes

Front 10

Explain the role of mucous membranes as components of Non-specific immunity.

Back 10

Cells of the mucous membranes continuously shed and the mucous made from mucous membranes trap pathogens that are easier to carry microbes out of the body

Front 11

Are the Dendritic cells in Mucous membranes phagocytes?

Back 11

Yes

Front 12

What is blood made of (2)

Back 12

Plasma and formed elements

Front 13

Define plasma

Back 13

Liquid portion of blood.

Front 14

What are formed elements composed of?

Back 14

Cells and cell fragments

Front 15

Where are blood cells formed?

Back 15

In the bone marrow

Front 16

Define a Erythrocytes

Back 16

Red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 17

Define platelets

Back 17

Cell fragments in charge of clotting

Front 18

Define leukocytes

Back 18

White blood cells in charge of immunity

Front 19

List the 6 types of leukocytes

Back 19

1. Basophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Neutrophils

4. Monocytes

5. Lymphocytes

6. Dendritic cells

Front 20

Define Basophils

Back 20

In charge of information, allergy.

Front 21

Define Eosinophils

Back 21

Worm and fungal infections, allergy, inflammation

Front 22

Define Neutrophils

Back 22

In charge of phagocytosis

Front 23

Define Monocytes (aka Macrophages)

Back 23

In charge of phagocytosis

Front 24

What immunity does Lymphocytes take the most place? What do they include? (3)

Back 24

Specific immunity. T, B and natural killer cells

Front 25

Define Dendritic cells

Back 25

Concentrated in skin and mucous membrane. Capable of phagocytosis

Front 26

Which leaukocytes comprise the highest percentage of total leukocytes?

Back 26

Neutrophils (50%-70% of total leukocytes) & Lymphocytes (25%-45% of total leukocytes)

Front 27

List the members of the second line of defense (6)

Back 27

1. Phagocytosis

2. Extracellular killing

3. Complement

4. Interferons

5. Inflammation

6. Fever

Front 28

Define phagocytosis

Back 28

Cellular eating: clean up harmful or unwanted substances.

Front 29

Define Phagocytes

Back 29

Cell's capable of phagocytosis; phagocytic leukocytes

Front 30

What are the most important phagocytes in the body?

Back 30

Macrophages & Neutrophils

Front 31

List the steps, in order, of phagocytosis

Back 31

1. Chemotaxis

2. Adherence

3. Ingestion

4. Killing

5. Elimination

Front 32

What increases the "Adhearance" step phagocytosis?

Back 32

Antibody or Compliment bound to the object

Front 33

What decreases phagocytosis "Adhearance" step?

Back 33

Glycocalyx (capsule or slime layer)

Front 34

Define Extracellular Killing

Back 34

Cell secrets toxin (chemical) to kill helminthes, virus infected cells, and tumor cells

Front 35

How do eosinophils participate in extracellular killing?

Back 35

They attach to helminthes surface and secrete a chemical (toxin) that weakens/kills the helminth

Front 36

How do natural killer cells participate in extracellular killing?

Back 36

Screte toxins that kills virus infected cells and tumor/cancer cells

Front 37

Where are Natural killer cells found? (5)

Back 37

Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, blood and lymph

Front 38

What is a Compliment?

Back 38

30 blood proteins that work together to destroy bacteria

Front 39

Do the Compliment proteins circulate in the blood in an active or inactive form?

Back 39

Inactive form

Front 40

List the 2 pathways to activate a Compliment

Back 40

1. Classical pathway: antibody bound to antigen

2. Alternative pathway: pathogen or pathogen product

Front 41

List four things that happen when Compliment is activated

Back 41

1. Cell lysis (drills holes in pathogen or pathogen product)

2. Call other immune cells to the area

3. Increase phagocytosis

4. Increase inflammation

Front 42

What are interferons?

Back 42

Anti-viral proteins produced by some animal cells after viral infection

Front 43

Are Interferons produced by some animal cells after bacterial or viral infection?

Back 43

After viral infections

Front 44

Do Interferons interfere with Viral replication or bacterial reproduction?

Back 44

Viral replication

Front 45

Do interferons help the cell that produced them?

Back 45

No

Front 46

List the purposes of inflammation.

Back 46

1. Localize an infection; prevent the spread of a pathogen.

2. Neutralize toxins

3. Aid in repair of damaged tissue

Front 47

List the triggers of Inflammation. (5)

Back 47

1. Heat

2. Chemicals

3. UV light

4. Abrasion's, cuts.

5. Pathogens/pathogen products.

Front 48

List the signs and symptoms of inflammation. (4)

Back 48

1. Redness (due to increased circulation and Vasodilation)

2. Heat (given off by increased blood flow)

3. Swelling (increased fluid escaping into tissue)

4. Pain (stimulation of nerve endings due to swelling)

Front 49

Explain the inflammation process.

Back 49

When inflammation is triggered, damage cells release prostaglandins, histamine and leukotrienes

Front 50

How do Ibuprofin and aspirin reduce inflammation?

Back 50

Ibuprofin and aspirin are anti-prostaglandins.

Front 51

Define fever.

Back 51

Fever is a systemic response that has the body temperature above 100°F.

Front 52

What causes the hypothalamus to increase body temperature?

Back 52

Pyrogens cause the hypothalamus to increase body temperature.

Front 53

List 3 examples of Pyrogens

Back 53

1. Bacterial toxins

2. Antigen/antibody complexes

3. Pathogens

Front 54

List 5 purposes of fever

Back 54

1. Slow the growth rate/kill the pathogen

2. Increase phagocytosis

3. Increase specific immunity

4. Increase tissue repair

5. Increase effect of interferons

Front 55

Give one example of a fever reducing medication

Back 55

Tylenol

Front 56

Define specific (aka acquired) immunity

Back 56

The ability to recognize and defend against pathogens, pathogen products, and abnormal body cells.

Front 57

How do non specific and specific immunity work together to eliminate pathogens and pathogen products?

Back 57

Non specific immunity eliminates pathogens and specific immunity recognizes and defends against pathogens

Front 58

What line of defense are included in specific immunity?

Back 58

3rd line of defense.

Front 59

How can specific immunity be acquired?

Back 59

Specific immunity can be acquired naturally via infection or artificially via vaccination.

Front 60

Explain how specific immunity has memory.

Back 60

After an initial exposure, it recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens or pathogen products.

Front 61

Explain how specific immunity is specific.

Back 61

It is specific due to the unique receptors of B and T cells.

Front 62

What type of immunity includes B cells and antibodies?

Back 62

Humoral immunity

Front 63

Give example of humoral immunity that includes B cells and the antibodies present in the body. (4)

Back 63

Blood, lymph, mucus, breast milk

Front 64

True or false: antibodies are produced by B cells.

Back 64

True

Front 65

What type of immunity includes T cells and antigens?

Back 65

Cell mediated immunity

Front 66

Cell mediated immunity targets: (3)

Back 66

1. Infected cells (virus, Parasite, bacteria)

2. Cancer cells

3. Cells of foreign grafts (tissue transplants)

Front 67

Cell mediated immunity kills via

Back 67

Chemicals

Front 68

What does the lymphatic system screen for in specific immunity?

Back 68

It screens for antigens.

Front 69

List the components of the lymphatic system

Back 69

1. Lymphatic vessels

2. Lymph nodes

3. Lymphoid organs/tissues

Front 70

What is lymph?

Back 70

Fluid that leaks out of the circulatory system

Front 71

What is the function of a lymph nodes in specific immunity question?

Back 71

Lymph nodes receive lymph from the lymphatic vessel and if an antigen is found, a specific immune response is mounted

Front 72

What is the function of lymphoid organs in specific immunity?

Back 72

Lymphoid organs include the spleen which filters blood and therefore removes pathogens.

Front 73

Explain how the lymphatic system is involved in specific immunity.

Back 73

Lymphatic vessels are a one way system. They return fluid that leaks out of the circulatory system (lymph) and into tissues back to the circulatory system.

Front 74

True or false: B and T cells in the lymph nodes screen the lymph for antigens

Back 74

True

Front 75

Define antigen.

Back 75

Molecule that triggers a specific immune response; antibody generator.

Front 76

Define epitope.

Back 76

The small part of an antigen that stimulates a specific immune response.

Front 77

Note: the specific immune system does not respond to the entire antigen just portions of them; these are called epitopes. Most antigens have several Epitopes.

Back 77

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Front 78

List the 2 types of antigens.

Back 78

1. Exogenous antigens

2. Endogenous antigens

Front 79

Define exogenous antigens.

Back 79

They are introduced into the body from outside microbes or environmental substances.They can be phagocytized by a phagocyte.

Front 80

Define Endogenous antigens

Back 80

They are generated within cells due to an infection by a microbe or due to the cell becoming cancerous.

Front 81

Name 3 things that reproduce/ Replicate inside body cells and produce endogenous antigens.

Back 81

1. Protozoa

2. Bacteria

3. viruses

Front 82

Name 4 examples of Exogenous antigens

Back 82

1. Bacterial toxins

2. Flagella

3. Pili

4. Bacterial cell wall components

Front 83

True or false: infected or abnormal cells must display these endogenous antigens on their membrane for the immune system to see.

Back 83

True

Front 84

Where do B cells arise in the body?

Where do they mature?

Back 84

Arise in the red bone marrow and mature there as well.

Front 85

Do B cells leave the maturation area in an active or inactive state?

Back 85

Inactive state

Front 86

Where are inactive B cells found in the body?

Back 86

Found in the lymph nodes, lymphoid organs/tissues, and a small percentage circulate in the blood.

Front 87

Is a B cell receptor capable of binding more than one type of antigen?

Back 87

No

Front 88

What is the major function of B cells?

Back 88

The major function of B cells is the production of antibodies.

Front 89

Why is each B cell unique?

Back 89

Each B cell is unique because of their unique BCR.

Front 90

During clonal selection and activation of B cells: what selects the appropriate B cell?

Back 90

An antigen

Front 91

During colonel selection and activation of B cells: How specifically is the appropriate B cell selected?

Back 91

Since the antigen selects and binds to a BCR, it is very specific.

Front 92

During colonel selection and activation of B cells: By what process are clones produced?

Back 92

Clones are produced once activated B cells divide by mitosis.

Front 93

During clonal selection and activation of B cells: What types of T cells aid in the activation of B cells?

Back 93

T helper 2 cells

Front 94

During colonel selection and activation of B cells: List the 2 types of cells that B cell clones become

Back 94

1. Plasma cells

2. Memory B cells

Front 95

Define Plasma cells that some B cell clones become

Back 95

Plasma cells secrete antibodies in the body and produce 2,000 antibodies per second and function for 4-5 days.

Front 96

Define memory B cells that some of the B cell clones become.

Back 96

Memory B cells wait in case the same antigen is encountered again. They don't secrete antibodies. Can multiply quickly to produce more memory B cells and plasma cells if the same antigen is encountered again in the future.

Front 97

Define antibody.

Back 97

Proteins that bind to an antigen and tag it for the immune system to destroy

Front 98

What are the antigen binding sites on an antibody identical to?

Back 98

Identical to the activated BCR

Front 99

What cell produces antibodies?

Back 99

Plasma cells

Front 100

Where are antibodies found in the body?

Back 100

In the flydis in search of their specific antigen

Front 101

List 7 things that occur when antibody binds to an antigen.

Back 101

Front 102

List the 5 classes of antibodies

Back 102

1. IgM

2. IgA

3. IgD

4. IgG

5. IgE

Front 103

Define IgM

Back 103

The first antibody produced. Short lived. (5%-10% circulating antibodies)

Front 104

Define IgA

Back 104

Found in respiratory tract, GI tracts, tears, saliva, colostridium, and in breast milk first produced. (10%-15% of circulating antibodies)

Front 105

Define IgD

Back 105

Acts as a B cell receptor on B cells. (0.2% of circulating antibodies)

Front 106

Define IgG

Back 106

Principle component of secondary antibody responses. Booster shots increase this antibody. (80% of circulating antibodies)

Front 107

Define IgE

Back 107

Allergic responses; lysis of helminthes. (Less than 0.1% of circulating antibodies)

Front 108

What do the classes of antibodies depend on for production? (3)

Back 108

The type of pathogen, portal of entry, and antibody functions.

Front 109

Define Primary Antibody Response

Back 109

The 1st time the antigen is encountered. There is a lag as it takes time to select and activate the correct inactive B cell. Memory B cells are produced.

Front 110

Define Secondary Antibody Response

Back 110

2nd and any additional times the antigen is encountered. There is a rapid response due to memory B cells.

Front 111

Where do T cells arise in the body?

Back 111

In red bone marrow

Front 112

Where do T cells mature?

Back 112

The Thymus

Front 113

Do T cells leave the maturation area in an active or inactive state?

Back 113

Inactive

Front 114

Where do inactive T cells circulate?

Back 114

In the Lymph, blood, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs/tissues

Front 115

Is a T cell receptor capable of binding more than one type of antigen?

Back 115

Yes

Front 116

Does a T cell receptor bind the antigen (epitope) directly? Explain

Back 116

No the TCR only binds epitope associated with MHC protein

Front 117

List the 2 types of T cells

Back 117

1. Cytotoxic T cells

2. Helper T cells

Front 118

Define Cytotoxic T cells.

What do they have?

Back 118

Have a TCR and a CD8 coreceptor protein. Cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill infected and abnormal cells.

Front 119

Define Helper T cells

What do they help?

Back 119

Have a TCR and a CD4 coreceptor protein. Helper T cells help in humoral and cell mediated immunity.

Front 120

What exactly are CD4 and CD8 coreceptors?

Back 120

Proteins found on the surface of Helper T cells (CD4) and Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Front 121

What is MHC?

What does it let your immune system know?

Back 121

One of the proteins that dots the surface of our body cells. It helps your immune system determine self versus non self.

Front 122

List the 2 classes of MHC.

Back 122

1. MHC 1

2. MHC 2

Front 123

What is the function of MHC?

Back 123

MHC proteins in a cell membrane mark a cell as "self."

Front 124

What type of cells display MH1 proteins? What type of cells recognize MH1 proteins?

Back 124

Found on the surface of all nucleated body cells (all cells but red blood cells) and is recognized by cytotoxic T cells.

Front 125

What type of cells display MH2 proteins? What type of cells recognize MH2 proteins?

Back 125

Found on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC's) and is recognized by helper T cells.

Front 126

What specifically does MHC 1 display in its groove?

Back 126

"Non" self epitopes

Front 127

What specifically does MHC 2 display in its groove?

Back 127

Exogenous antigens.

Front 128

What cells display both MHC1 and MHC2?

Back 128

Antigen presenting cells (APC's)

Front 129

List the 2 things that cell mediated immunity is used to fight.

Back 129

1. Infected cells

2. Abnormal cells

Front 130

To be activated, a helper T cell must recognize epitope with ___________?

Back 130

MHC 2

Front 131

To be activated, a cytotoxic T cell must recognize epitope with ______

Back 131

MHC 1

Front 132

Pathogens enter via a ______?

Back 132

Portal of entry

Front 133

An ______ phagocytizes the pathogen

Back 133

APC

Front 134

Inside the APC, the antigen is sent to the lysosome and broken down by the _______ in the lysosome into ______

Back 134

Enzymes; epitopes

Front 135

Epitopes are displayed on the surface of the APC in the groove of _____

Back 135

MHC 2

Front 136

The APC migrates to the nearest _____ or ______

Back 136

Lymph node or lymphoid organ/tissues

Front 137

A match happens when APC displaying ______ in ______ match ______ helper T cell _____ and _____ coreceptor

Back 137

Epitopes; MHC 2; Inactive; TCR; CD4

Front 138

Once a match happens, the APC secretes ______. The active helper T cell divides by _____ to produce _____.

Back 138

Cytokines; mitosis; clones

Front 139

Some of the helper T cell clones become _______ T cells and wait for future encounters with the same antigen

Back 139

Memory

Front 140

The majority of helper T cell clones become ____ and _____ cells

Back 140

T helper 1 (TH1) ; T helper 2 (TH2)

Front 141

T helper _____ cells produce cytokines that activate other immune cells

Back 141

1

Front 142

T helper _____ cells produce cytokines that activate B cells and stimulate antibody production by plasma cells

Back 142

2

Front 143

When a cell is infected with a pathogen it displays _______ epitopes on its surface in the grove of MHC _____

Back 143

Pathogen; 1

Front 144

When a cell is abnormal it displays I AM _____ epitopes on its surface in the groove if MHC

Back 144

Abnormal; 1

Front 145

A match happens when infected/abnormal epitope in MHC1 matches _____ cytotoxic T cell ___ and CD__ coreceptor

Back 145

Inactive; TCR; CD8

Front 146

Activated T helper _____ cells produce chemical signals that help activate the cytotoxic T cell.

Back 146

1

Front 147

The activated cytotoxic T cells divides by ______ to produce _____

Back 147

Mitosis; clones

Front 148

Some of the cytotoxic T cell clones become _____ cells and wait for future encounters with the same antigen.

Back 148

Memory T

Front 149

The majority of the cytotoxic T cell clones go in search of more of the same infected/abnormal cells and kill via _____

Back 149

Chemicals

Front 150

When does active immunity develop?

What does it produce?

Back 150

Develops when the immune system responds to an antigen. Produces antibodies against the antigen.

Front 151

When does Passive Immunity develop?

Back 151

Develops when an antibody enters from an outside source.

Front 152

How long does passive immunity last?

Back 152

Days to weeks.

Front 153

How long does active immunity take to develop?

Back 153

Takes hours to days to develop

Front 154

Passive Immunity can be acquired _____ via Ig_ transfer from mom to fetus and Ig_ transfer via colostrum and breast milk

Back 154

Naturally; IgG; IgA

Front 155

Active immunity can be acquired naturally via ___ or artificially via _______________

Back 155

Infection; exposure to the antigen in a vaccine

Front 156

Define vaccination.

Back 156

Inoculation with a weakened or dead microbe or microbe product to generate immunity and prevent infectious disease.

Front 157

Define immunization.

Back 157

Making an individual resistant to a disease via vaccine.

Front 158

Give the _____ to produce _____ against the antigen and ____ B and T cells.

Back 158

Antigen; antibodies; memory

Front 159

Define herd immunity.

Back 159

A form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.

Front 160

What is the percentage of vaccination rate needed for heard immunity to be effective?

Back 160

95%

Front 161

Define attentuated vaccine.

Back 161

Weaken a virus in the lab so that the virus cannot cause disease. Can give lifelong immunity in just one- two doses due to strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses.

Front 162

Define inactivated vaccine.

Back 162

Kill the pathogen using chemicals, heat, radiation. Booster shots will be required.

Front 163

Define toxoid vaccines.

Back 163

Bacterial exotoxin is the main cause of illness. Inactivate the toxin with formalin. Formalin will alter the epitopes slightly so booster shots will be required.

Front 164

Define subunit vaccines.

Back 164

Includes only parts of the pathogen.

Front 165

Define conjugate vaccine.

Back 165

The pathogen is a bacteria that produces a capsule that covers the entire bacterium. Capsules are not very antigenic.

Front 166

Define mRNA vaccine.

Back 166

mRNA sequence is generated for the antigen. The mRNA is covered in a lipid for delivery. Once delivered, cells will transcribe and translate the mRNA into protein. The presence of the epitope will stimulate a specific immune response.

Front 167

List the 5 ingredients in vaccines.

Back 167

1. Suspending fluid.

2. Stabilizers.

3. Preservatives.

4. Adjuvants.

5. Small amount of the culture material