Bio 205- Exam 1

Front 1

Define cell

Back 1

The basic unit of life

Front 2

List the characteristics of life (4)

Back 2

1. Growth

2. Reproduction

3. Responsiveness

4. Metabolic

Front 3

Why are viruses not considered organisms?

Back 3

Because they DO NOT fulfill the characteristics of life (aka they don't reproduce on their own)

Front 4

List two major types of cells

Back 4

1. Prokaryotic cells

2. Eukaryotic cells

Front 5

What Kingdoms & Domains are in Prokaryotic cells (3)

Back 5

1. Kingdom Monera

2. Domain Archae

3. Domain Bacteria

Front 6

What Kingdoms & Domains are in Eukaryotic cells (5)

Back 6

1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Kingdom Animalia

3. Kingdom Fungi

4. Kingdom Protista

5. Domain Eukarya

Front 7

True or False: Prokaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles

Back 7

False

Front 8

True or False: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles

Back 8

True

Front 9

True or False: Prokaryotic cells are small and simple and Eukaryotic cells are large and complex

Back 9

True

Front 10

Which types of cell contain the cell basics?

Back 10

Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Front 11

Define Glycocalyx

Back 11

Gelatinous sticky substance on the outside of the bacteria made up of proteins and sugar

Front 12

True or False: A Glycocalyx is found in all bacteria

Back 12

False

Front 13

Define Slime Layer

Back 13

A glycocalyx that is loose and water soluble

Front 14

Define Capsule

Back 14

Glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell surface

Front 15

What cell produces the Glycocalyx?

Back 15

Prokaryotic cells

Front 16

List three functions of a Glycocalyx

Back 16

1. Protects against drying/chemicals/environmental stress/ loss of nutrients

2. Decreases phagocytosis

3. Clings/attaches to surfaces

Front 17

True or False: All bacteria have Flagella?

Back 17

False

Front 18

What is the function of Flagella?

Back 18

Motility

Front 19

How do Flagella propel a bacterium?

Back 19

Propel the bacteria by rotating the flagella clockwise and counterclockwise

Front 20

When the flagella is rotated counterclockwise, what is it named?

Back 20

Run

Front 21

When the flagella is rotating clockwise, what is it named?

Back 21

Tumble

Front 22

Do ALL bacteria have Fimbrae?

Back 22

No

Front 23

What is the function of Fimbrae?

Back 23

Used for attachment to surfaces or to each other

Front 24

Do ALL bacteria have Pili?

Back 24

No, mostly (Gram-negative)

Front 25

List the functions of Pili (2)

Back 25

1. "Grappling hook" to climb

2. Sex between bacteria

Front 26

List the three layers that MAY be included in a cell envelope

Back 26

1. Cell membrane

2. Cell wall

3. Outer membrane

Front 27

What are bacterial cell walls composed of?

Back 27

Peptidoglycan

Front 28

List three functions of bacterial cell walls

Back 28

1. Gives bacterium structure

2. Maintains bacterium shape

3. Protects bacterium from osmotic forces

Front 29

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

Back 29

Since made of peptidoglycan (amino acids + sugars) both amino acids & sugars weave together like a net

Front 30

What layers does a Gram positive cell envelope include? (2)

Back 30

1. Cell wall

2. Cell membrane

Front 31

Is the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria thick or thin?

Back 31

Thick

Front 32

List three functions of Teichoic acids

Back 32

1. Anchor the cell wall to the underlying cell membrane

2. Helps with the overall charge of the bacterium

3. Aid in ion permeability through the cell wall

Front 33

What color are the Gram-positive bacteria at the end of the Gram stain? Why?

Back 33

Purple because the crystal violet iodine gets caught in the thick peptidoglycan layer

Front 34

What layers does a Gram-negative cell envelope include? (3)

Back 34

1. Outer membrane

2. Cell wall

3. Cell membrane

Front 35

Is the cell wall of a Gram-negative bacteria thick or thin?

Back 35

Thin

Front 36

Does the Gram-negative cell wall contain teichoic acids?

Back 36

No

Front 37

What color are Gram-negative bacteria at the end of the Gram stain? Why?

Back 37

Pink because the decolorizer breaks the outer membrane and the crystal violet iodine is released from the thin cell wall but the iodine stays

Front 38

What is the function of Inclusions?

Back 38

Since nutrients aren't always accessible, Inclusions are storage of excess nutrients to be used when needed

Front 39

List the two Genera of bacteria that produce endospores

Back 39

1. Bacillus

2. Clostridium

Front 40

Why are endospores produced?

Back 40

Formed due to lack of nutrients or other stress

Front 41

Describe the structure of an endospore

Back 41

Copy of Bacterium DNA + surrounded by double membrane + very thick layer of peptidoglycan = endospore

Front 42

Define sporulation

Back 42

Formation of endospore that takes 6-8 hours to make

Front 43

Define germination

Back 43

An endospore becoming a bacterium again

Front 44

List what endospores are resistant to (5)

Back 44

1. Drying

2. Radiation

3. Heat

4. Freezing

5. Chemicals like: alcohol/hydrogen peroxide/bleach

Front 45

Define microbial growth

Back 45

An increase in numbers in a population of microbes

Front 46

Define nutrition

Back 46

Acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities like metabolism & growth

Front 47

What is the carbon source and energy source for Heterotroph's? List examples

Back 47

Carbon source: organic compounds

Energy source: organic compounds

Ex: Fungi, protozoa, and animals

Front 48

What is the carbon source and energy source for Phototroph's? List examples

Back 48

Carbon source: carbon dioxide

Energy source: light

Ex: algae and plants

Front 49

What is the carbon source and energy source for Lithoautotroph? List examples

Back 49

Carbon source: carbon dioxide

Energy source: inorganic compounds

Ex: archea bacteria

Front 50

What is the carbon source and energy source for Photoheterotroph? List examples

Back 50

Carbon source: organic compounds

Energy source: light

Ex: purple & green photosynthetic bacteria

Front 51

List 5 chemical requirements for microbial growth

Back 51

1. Carbon

2. Hydrogen

3. Nitrogen

4. Oxygen

5. Trace elements

Front 52

Requires 3-10% higher carbon dioxide concentration concentration and 15% oxygen. Produces ATP via aerobic energy production and fermentation

Back 52

Capnophile

Front 53

Produces ATP via aerobic energy production, anaerobic energy production and fermentation

Back 53

Facilitative anaerobe

Front 54

Produces ATP via anaerobic energy production and fermentation. Oxygen is present but not utilized

Back 54

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Front 55

Prefer oxygen at a lower concentration (2-10%). Produces ATP via aerobic energy production and fermentation

Back 55

Microaerophile

Front 56

Inhibited/killed by oxygen. Produces ATP via anaerobic energy production and fermentation

Back 56

Obligate anaerobe

Front 57

Requires Oxygen. Produces ATP via aerobic energy production and fermentation

Back 57

Obligate aerobe

Front 58

How are reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide/ hydroxyl radical) damaging to a cell

Back 58

They steal electrons from macromolecules and proteins and fill their valence shell to destroy

Front 59

Do organisms that produce ATP anaerobically produce catalase?

Back 59

No

Front 60

List examples of trace elements required for microbial growth

Back 60

Iron and copper are cofactors for enzymes. Phosphorus is used to build membranes. Sulfur is used to build protein.

Front 61

List three physical requirements for microbial growth

Back 61

1. Temperature

2. pH

3. Osmotic pressure

Front 62

What temperature class of microbes is cold loving, below 15°C, not human pathogens?

Back 62

Psycheophiles

Front 63

What temperature class of microbes is moderate loving, 20-40° C, human pathogens

Back 63

Mesophiles

Front 64

What temperature class of microbes is heat loving, 45-80°C, compost piles

Back 64

Thermophiles

Front 65

What temperature class of microbes is extreme heat loving, above 80°C, archaea

Back 65

Hyperthermophiles

Front 66

What pH class of microbes grow best at pH 7.5-11.5?

Back 66

Alkalinophile

Front 67

What pH class of microbes grow best at pH less than 6.5?

Back 67

Acidophile

Front 68

What pH class of microbes grow best at 6.5-7.5?

Back 68

Neutrophile

Front 69

Define Osmotic pressure

Back 69

Pressure exerted on a semi-permeable membrane by a solution containing solutes (sugar/salt) that cannot freely cross the membrane

Front 70

Cells placed in a hypertonic solution _________. Cells placed in hypotonic solution__________.

Back 70

Shrivel; burst

Front 71

Define culture media

Back 71

Nutrient material suitable for the growth of microbes

Front 72

Define differential media

Back 72

Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of different bacteria

Front 73

Define defined media

Back 73

Exact chemical composition is known. Very expensive

Front 74

Define selective media

Back 74

Encourages the growth of wanted microbes, inhibits the growth of unwanted microbes

Front 75

Define complex media

Back 75

Composition of the media varies from batch to batch due to extracts

Front 76

You inoculate and incubate mannitol salt agar. Bacteria grow and the color of the media stays pink. What type of media did you utilize?

Back 76

Differential media

Front 77

What method is used to preserve microbial growth for a short period of time?

Back 77

Refrigeration

Front 78

What method of used to store microbial growth long term?

Back 78

Deep freezing at -50 to -95°C

Front 79

What method is used to store microbial growth indefinitely?

Back 79

Lyophilization or removing water under vacuum

Front 80

Define Lag phase of the Bacterial growth curve

Back 80

When bacteria adjust to new environment

Front 81

Define Log phase of the bacteria growth curve

Back 81

Increase in the number of cells due to constant Binary fission. Most active metabolically. Most susceptible to antibiotics

Front 82

Define Stationary Phase of the bacterial growth curve

Back 82

Growth equals death. Waste accumulating, running out of food and oxygen. pH is changing

Front 83

Define death phase of the bacterial growth curve

Back 83

Decrease in the number of cells. Cannot overcome waste, lack of food/oxygen, pH change

Front 84

List the indirect and direct methods of measuring microbial growth

Back 84

Indirect: turbidity, dry weight, and nutrient utilization or waste accumulation

Direct: plate counts, membrane filtration, microscopic grid counts

Front 85

At what step of the bacteria growth curve are antibiotics most susceptible to antibiotics?

Back 85

Log phase

Front 86

Do all bacteria have a Glycocalyx?

Back 86

No, only some

Front 87

What is a Glycocalyx made of?

Back 87

Usually made of protein and sugar