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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are chemautrops?
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prok that oxidize inorganic
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photoautrops?
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prok that do photosynthesis
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streptocci?
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strands of cocci
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staophylococci?
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clumped of cocci
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diplococci?
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pair of cocci attached
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cocci?
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circular shaped baterica
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bacilli?
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long round oval shaped baterica
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spirili?
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spirally shaped bacteria
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characteristics of gram + bacteria?
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purple stain
thick cell wall |
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characteristics of game - bacteria?
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red stain
think cell wall |
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what do methocel do?
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increase viscosity and slow down protists
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defined medium?
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medium that allows for precise amount of growth of a species
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selective medium?
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selects for one specie to grow more
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differential medium?
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cause species to be differniate on the plate
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important characteristics of vibrio?
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glow at high conc->quorum sensing
food poisoning & disease degrade chitin |
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type of micropipetters use in lab? and their volume range?
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p1000= 200 ul-1000 ul
p200= 20 ul-200 ul p20= 2 ul-20 ul |
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unit in micropipetters?
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1ul=0.001 ml
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calibration for objective 10x?
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total: whole ruler: segment bar:
100x 1000 um 100 |
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calibration for objective 20x?
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total: whole ruler: segment bar:
200x 5000 um 50 |
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calibration for objective 40x?
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total: whole ruler: segment bar:
400x 250 um 20 |
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calibration for objective 100x?
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total: whole ruler: segment bar:
1000x 100 um 10 |
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photosynthesis reaction?
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CO2+H2O->O2+CH20+H20
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what's the use of DCPIP?
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to see photosynthesis happen bec of blue color
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methylamine?
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speed up ETC --> inc pump of H+ but suck up the H+-->lots of NADP+, run out of NADP -->cannot make sugars
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ploidy?
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# of sets of chromosome
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do human have haploid cell?
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yes-> gametes
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what happen in the complementation lab?
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haploid yeasts (a & alpha) strands mate to form diploid strands
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what is complementation group?
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strands of yeast with the same mutation, same location --> don't complement, no hisitdine made
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steps to find complementation group in a pairwise cross?
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1. look @ the "-"
2. go horizontally strands with "-" don't complement-> complementation group |
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what does the number of complementation groups tell you?
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the min amount of genes need to make histidine
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what are the 4(5) phases of mitosis?
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prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis |
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what are the end product of mitosis?
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2 identical daughter cells
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what are the phases of meiosis?
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1.prophase 1
2.metaphase 1 3.anaphase 1 4.telophase 1 5.prophase 2 6.metaphase 2 7. anaphase 2 8. telophase 2 |
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what are the end products of meiosis?
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4 non-identical daughter cells
1/2 ploidy of parents crossing over can occur |
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what type of bonds in between the base pairs and how many?
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H-bond
A+T=2 C+G=3 |
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in DNA sequencing what's the ratio of dNTP to ddNTP?
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300 dNTPs to 1 ddNTPs
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what are restriction enzyme in PCR?
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a way of splicing DNA (cuts DNA)
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what is a palindromic sequence?
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sequence that read the same backward and forward
i.e. TAT |
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on a PCR gel, where are the DNA base on size and shape?
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top --> larger DNA, relaxed
middle --> linear bottom --> smaller DNA, supercoiled |
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isotonic soln?
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no change between H2O and outside evniro because H2O equal
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hypertonic soln?
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H2O leaves cell into enviro
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hypotonic soln?
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H2O moves into cell from enviro
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unlinked genes?
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not on the same chrom
separate by ; |
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linked genes?
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on the same chrom
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sex-linked?
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sex chrom associate w/a trait
must have "y" allele |
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what are the trait name after?
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mutation
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what does this symbol indicate (+) ?
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wild-type -> occurring naturally
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what is the locus?
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the location on the chrom
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homozygous?
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same alleles for a trait
i.e. two wild type allele |
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heterozygous?
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different alleles for a trait
i.e. one wild type allele and one mutant allele |
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hemizygous?
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sex chromosome
allele on X chrom |
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if alleles are uppercase which allele is more dominant?
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mutant is dominant
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if alleles are lowercase which allele is more dominant?
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wild type is dominant
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physical linkage?
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two or more traits on 1 chromosome
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genetic linkage?
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traits donate together
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what is true-breeding?
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no variation of alleles
homozygous |
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recombination?
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crossing over
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when crossing over occur, more recombinants or parental?
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recombinants<parental
recombinants should never be greater than 50% |
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parental gametes?
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no crossing over
sometimes may not look like parents |
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what does high # of map units indicate?
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higher # of crossing over, greater # of recombinants
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what happen in PCR clean up?
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remove primers
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what's the purpose of the loading dye?
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make DNA visible
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what's the purpose of Eth Br?
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allow to see DNA and intercalates w/DNA --> fit in space between DNA bands -->make flourscence
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diff between PCR and DNA sequencing?
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PCR - 2 primers, amplify a strand
DNA sequencing - 1 primer, replication work 5' to 3' |
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homologs?
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related DNA sequence
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orthologs?
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related DNA sequence that diff due to species
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paralogy?
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related DNA sequence that diff due to gene duplication
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silent mutation (synonymous)?
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change base pair with no difference in the code
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missense mutation?
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change base pair --> different amino acid made
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nonsense mutation?
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stop codon
UAA=u r awful UAG=u a gross UGA= u go away |
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what is frameshift?
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addition or subtraction of a base pair
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d value?
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determine how similar a speice is to human
lower d-value = closer to humans |
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dN/dS?
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nonsynonmous/synonmous= insertion of change/same
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how do you determine if a gene is sex-linked or not on the X chrom?
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when something separate in F2
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exons?
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regions of genomic DNA that translated into protein
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intorns?
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region of genomic DNA transcribed into RNA
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what is purifying selection?
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low dN/dS
amino acid changes are synonymous |
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what is adaptive/positive selection?
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high dN/dS
amino acid changes are nonsynonymous |
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what is the e-value?
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indicate how similar two sequence of DNA are
lower E-value --> better match |
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insoforms?
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protein variants from a single gene
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transcript variants?
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diff forms mRNA from same gene
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