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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a change in the sequence of an organism's DNA that can serve as the source of new alleles
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mutation
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one of several alternative versions of a gene
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allele
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a type of allele interaction in which the effects of both alleles at a given genetic locus are equally visible in the phenotype of a heterozygote
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codominance
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a genetic trait whose pattern of inheritance cannot be predicted by Mendel's laws of inheritance.
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complex trait
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of or referring to a cell or organism that has two complete sets of homologous chromosomes (2n)
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diploid
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of or referring to an allele that determines the phenotype when it is paired with a recessive allele in a heterozygous individual
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dominant
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a gene interaction in which the phenotypic effect of the alleles of one gene depends on which alleles are present for another, independently inherited gene
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epitasis
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the smallest units of DNA that governs a genetic characteristic and contains the code for the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule
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gene
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the scientific study of the inheritance of characteristics encoded by DNA
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genetics
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The allele makeup that is responsible for a particular trait displayed by an individual
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genotype
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of or referring to an individual that carries one copy of each of two different alleles (Aa)
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heterozygous
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of or referring to an individual that carries two copies of the same allele (AA)
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homozygous
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a type of allelic interaction in which heterozygotes are intermediate in phenotype between the two homozygotes for a particular gene
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incomplete dominance
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Mendel's second law, which states that when gametes form, the separation of alleles of one gene is independent of the separation of alleles of other genes. We now know that this law does not apply to genes that are linked.
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independent assortment
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Mendel's first law, which states that the two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes
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segregation
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the specific version of a genetic trait that is displayed by a given individual
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phenotype
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a type of genetic control in which a single gene infuences a variety of different traits
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pleiotropy
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of or referring to inherited traits that are determined by the action of more than one gene
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polygenic
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of or referring to an allele that does not have a phenotypic effect when paired with a dominant allele in a heterzygote
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recessive
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if a pea plant that is homozygous dominant for yellow seeds is crossed to a pea plant that is homozygous recessive for green seeds, that would the phenotype of their offspring be?
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100% yellow
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if a person who is a carrier for the recessive genetic disorder albinism produces offspring with a person who has albinism, what is the chance that their first child will have albinism?
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50% chance
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if a person with blood type AB were to produce offspring with a person of blood type O, what are the possible blood types of their children?
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A or B
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The alleles for snapdragon flower color exhibit incomplete dominance. Based on this, what would be the possible flower colors of the offspring resulting from a cross between a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon?
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pink only
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the SRY gene on the male Y chromosome influences many characteristics and is therefore a great example of what?
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pleiotropy
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for any trait that is governed by a dominant and recessive allele, what would the phenotype ratio be for the offspring of a cross between two heterozygotes?
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3:1
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A chart that shows genetic relationships among family members over two or more generations of a family's history
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pedigree
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a physical exchange of chromosomal segments between paired paternal and maternal members of homologous chromosomes
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crossing-over
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in genetics, a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence of a gene, or a piece breaks off from a chromosome and is lost
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deletion
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in genetics, a mutation in which an extra copy of a gene or DNA fragment appears along side the original, increasing the length of the chromosome
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duplication
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a heterozygous individual (Aa) that carries the allele for a recessive genetic disorder but, because the allele is recessive, does not get the disorder
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genetic carrier
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the situation in which different genes that are located close to one another on the same chromosome are inherited together; that is, they do not follow Mendel's law of independent assortment
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genetic linkage
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the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis
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independent assortment
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in genetics, a mutation in which a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and returns to the correct place on the original chromosome, but with the genetic loci in reverse order
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inversion
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the physical location of a gene on a chromosome
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locus
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either of a pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual
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sex chromosome
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of or referring to genes located on a sex chromosome
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sex-linked
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a gene, located on the Y chromosome, that functions as a master switch, committing the sex of the undeveloped embryo to "male"
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SRY gene
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in genetics, a mutation in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and is then attached to a different, nonhomologous chromosome
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translocation
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in diploid organisms, the condition of having three copies of a chromosome
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trisomy
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down syndrome in humans is an example of what?
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an inappropriate number of chromosomes
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which of the following is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation?
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brachydactyly
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if a mother that is a carrier for an x-linked recessive mutation produces offspring with an unaffected father, what is the likely hood of them having an affected daughter?
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0%
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if a mother that is a carrier for an x-linked recessive mutation produces offspring with an unaffected father, what is the likely hood of them having an affected son?
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25%
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if a mother that is a carrier for an x-linked recessive mutation produces offspring with an unaffected father, who has a loss of function mutation in the SRY gene of his sperm producing cells, what is the likely hood of them having an unaffected son?
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0%
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If a mother with one copy of a mutation for brachydactyly produces offspring with an unaffected father, what is the likely hood of them producing affected offspring?
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50%
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The actress Linda Hunt has Turner Syndrome. This is an example of what?
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a sex-chromosome monosomy
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which of the autosomal aneuploidies is commonly survivable to adulthood?
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trisomy 21
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which trisomies result in Klinefelter's syndrome?
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XXY
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two genes are known to be on the same chromosome, yet analysis of genetic crosses involving these genes suggests that they assort independently. The most plausible explanation for this observation is that they are
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on opposite ends of the chromosome
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what is caused by an x-linked recessive mutation?
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hemophillia
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what is the most common means of gene expression control?
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Regulation of transcription
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a change in the sequence of an organism's DNA
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mutation
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a pair of complementary nitrogenous bases connected by hydrogen bonds
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base pair
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deoxyribonucleic acid, a double stranded molecule consisting of two spirally wound polymers of nucleotides that store genetic information, including the information needed to synthesize proteins
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DNA
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the key enzyme that cells use to replicate their DNA
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DNA polymerase
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the duplication, or copying, of a DNA molecule
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Replication
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A DNA sequence within a gene that encodes part of a protein
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exon
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the smallest unit of DNA that governs a genetic characteristic and contains the code for the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule
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gene
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all of the DNA of an organism, including all its genes; in eukaryotes, the term refers to the DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes, such as that found in a sperm or egg
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genome
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a gene that has an essential role in the maintenance of cellular activities and is expressed by the most cells in the body
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housekeeping gene
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a sequence of nitrogenous bases within a gene that does not specify part of the gene's final protein or RNA product
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intron
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a type if RNA that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein
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mRNA
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a substance or energy source that alters DNA
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mutagen
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introns and spacer DNA are two common types of what?
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non-coding DNA
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what must be removed or spliced out of newly formed mRNA, tRNA and rRNA molecules for these molecules to function properly?
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introns
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the DNA sequence in a gene that RNA polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription?
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promoter
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DNA sequence that can increase, decrease, turn on, or turn off the expression of a gene or a group of genes
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regulatory DNA
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a protein that signals whether or not a particular gene or group of genes should be expressed
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transcription factor
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a molecule composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are synthesized
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ribosome
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the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
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transcription
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the conversion of a sequence of nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids in a protein
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translation
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a DNA sequence that can move from one position on a chromosome to another, or from one chromosome to another
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transposon
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where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?
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nucleus
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where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?
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cytoplasm
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what is not an essential component of translation
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RNA polymerase
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a sequence of three nitrogenous bases on transfer RNA molecule that enables it for form complementary base pairs with a corresponding codon on an mRNA molecule
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anticodon
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a sequence of three nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule that specifies either a particular amino acid or a signal to start or stop the translation of a protein
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codon
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a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence of a gene
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deletion
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what type of mutation do insertions or deletions result in?
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frameshift
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of the 64 possible codons, how many code for amino acids?
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61
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a type of RNA that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein
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mRNA
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a mutation in which only a single base is altered
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point
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a type of RNA that is an important component of ribosomes
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rRNA
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the key enzyme in DNA transcription that links together the nucleotides of the RNA molecule specified by that gene
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RNA polymerase
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during RNA splicing, what is removed from the pre-mRNA
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introns
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a three-nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule that signals where translation should begin
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start codon
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a three-nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule that signals where translation should end
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stop codon
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a mutation in which one nitrogenous base is replaced by another at a single position in the DNA sequence of a gene
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subsitution
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in gene transcription, the strand of DNA (of the two strands in a DNA molecule) that is copied into RNA and is therefore complementary to the RNA synthesized from it
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template strand
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the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
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transcription
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in bacterial gene transcription, a DNA sequence that causes transcription to end and the newly formed mRNA molecule to separate from its DNA template
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terminator
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a type of RNA that transfers the amino acid specified by the mRNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis
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tRNA
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the conversion of a sequence of nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids in a protein
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translation
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a mechanism for selectively blocking the expression of a given gene in which small chunks of RNA silence genes that share nucleotide sequence similarities with them
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RNAi
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which of the following is not transcribed in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
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tRNA
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what type of mutation in the DNA does not lead to a change in the resultant amino acid?
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silent
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what type of mutation typically results in a change in identity of many amino acids?
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frameshift
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what would the mRNA transcript be for the DNA template strand 3'-AATGGCTTACCG-5'
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5'-UUACCGAAUGGC-3'
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If I told you that the sequence of a non-template strand of DNA was 5'-ATGCGCCCATTCGCG-3', what would the mRNA sequence be that was complementary to the template strand?
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5'-AUGCGCCCAUUCGCG-3'
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A point mutation in an intron would likely result in what?
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no effect on the protein
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