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65 Cards in this Set
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A complex network of protein filaments found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
Cytoskeleton |
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A single-celled or multicellular organism in which each cell has a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm |
Eukaryote |
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The concept of the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer containing a variety of other lipids and embedded proteins, some of which can move laterally in the plane of the membrane |
Fluid mosaic model |
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A hair like structure that propels the cell or organism through a whip-like action, with waves passing from the base to the tip |
Eukaryotic flagellum |
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A specialized vesicle with an acidic lumen contrasting enzyme which break down macromolecules |
Lysosome |
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Hair like structures found in some eukaryotes, that use a rowing motion to propel the organism or to move fluids over cells |
Cilia |
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The water based fluid component of the cytoplasm |
Cytosol |
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The theory that eukaryotic cells are descended from a predatory ancestral eukaryote that engulfed prokaryotic cells that survived |
Endosymbiosis |
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A protein cylinder composed of tubulin monomers |
Microtubules |
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An organelle with a double membrane that is the site of cellular respiration |
Mitochondrian |
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A metabolic prices by which organisms capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water |
Photosynthesis |
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An organelle composed of flattened membrane sacs that route proteins and lipids to various parts of the eukaryotic cell |
Gogli apparatus |
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A particle composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are synthesized that can be either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytosol
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Ribosomes
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A component of the endomembrane system that is responsible for protein synthesis or for modification of newly formed polypeptides
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rough ER
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A component f the endomembrane system that is the site of lipid synthesis
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Smooth ER
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An organelle, found in plants and algae, that is the primary site of photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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what is the protein component of microfilaments?
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actin
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a vesicle that specializes in moving substances from one location to another within the cytoplasm and to and from the exterior of the cell
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transport vesicle
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a metabolic process that extracts chemical energy from organic molecules, such as sugars, to generate the universal energy
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cellular respiration
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a green pigment that is used to capture light energy for photosynthesis
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chlorophyll
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a cell membrane protein that, using energy from an energy-rich molecule such as ATP, changes its shape to transfer an ion or a molecule across the membrane
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active carrier protein
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A cytoplasmic channel, created by a narrow cylinder of proteins, that directly connects two animal cells and allows the passage of ions and small molecules
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gap junction
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a process by which a section of a cell's plasma membrane bulges inward as it envelops substance outside of the cell, eventually breaking free to become a closed vesicle within the cytoplasm
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endocytosis
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A process by which a vesicle approaches and fuses with the plasma membrane of a cell, thereby releasing its contents into the cell's surroundings
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exocytosis
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a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell
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hypertonic
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a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell
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hypotonic
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a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cytosol of a cell
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isotoic
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a tunnel-like channel between two plant cells that provide a cytoplasmic connection allowing the flow of small molecules and water between the cells.
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plasmoderma
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also called desmosome. A protein complex that acts as a "hook" between two animal cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, linking them to brace against rupturing forces
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anchoring junction
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If a red blood cell (RBC) were placed in a hypotonic solution, is what direction would the water flow?
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Out of the cell
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movement of ions or molecules across a biological membrane that requires an input of energy because it's "uphill" (against an electrochemical gradient)
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active transport
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the passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of low concentraion
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diffusion
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the process of maintaining an internal water and salt balance that supports biological processes
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osmoregulation
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which of the following is a cell membrane not permeable to?
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glucose
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the Na+/ K+ pump is an example of what?
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primary active transport
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a macromolecule, usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst
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enzyme
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the specific region on the surface of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind
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active site
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energy that is stored in atoms because of their position in relation to other atoms in the system under consideration
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chemical energy
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also called law of conservation of energy, the law stating that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed or transferred from one molecule to another
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first law of thermodynamics
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the gain of electrons by one atom or molecule from another
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reduction
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also called biosynthesis. Metabolic pathways that build macromolecules
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anabolism
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metabolic pathways that take macromolecules apart
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catabolism
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a substance that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being permanently altered in the process
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catalyst
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all the chemical reactions in a cell that involve the acquisition, storage, or use of energy
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metabolism
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the small input of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur at a noticeable rate
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activation energy
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a green pigment that is used to capture light energy for photosynthesis
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chlorophyll
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a series of catabolic reactions that splits glucose to produce pyruvate, which is then used in fermentation in the cytosol or degraded further in the mitochondrion
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glycolysis
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a series of enzyme-driven reduction reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix and yields many molecules of NADH (and a few of ATP and FADH2)
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Krebs cycle
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of or referring to a metabolic process or organism that does not require oxygen gas
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anaerobic
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of or referring to a metabolic process or organism that requires oxygen gas
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aerobic
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an organelle with a double membrane that is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotes
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mitochondrion
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the shuttling of electrons down an electron transport chain in mitochondria that results in the production of ATP
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oxidative phososynthesis
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a three-carbon molecule produced by glycolysis
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pyruvate
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what are the final products of photosynthesis
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glucose and oxygen
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which of the following is not an energy carrier?
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AcetlyCoA
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plants and photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy into food
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producers
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what is the equation for photosynthesis?
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6H2O+6CO2--->C6H12O6+6O2
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what is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12+O6--->6H2O+6CO2
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what are the products of alcohol fermentation?
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ethanol and carbon dioxide
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which of the following represents the correct ordering of events that occur during the catabolism of glucose in the absence of O2?
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glycolysis, fermentaion
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which stage of cellular respiration yields the most ATP?
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oxidative phophorylation
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which cells release insulin in response to an increase in glucose?
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Beta cells of the pancreas
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what is the only cell type in the body containing ATP-dependent K+ channels?
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Beta cells of the pancreas
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which cells release glucagon in response to low blood sugar?
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Alpha cells of the pancreas
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which cells respond to glucagon?
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Liver cells
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