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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 Laws of thermodynamics
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I. Energy can't be created or destroyed
II. Entropy is always increasing |
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How is the 1st law important to living things?
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They can't form energy so they have to convert it from other things such as sunlight and food
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How is the 2nd law important to living things?
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They must expend energy to maintain order
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No energy conversions are 100% efficient. How is energy lost?
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Heat energy is lost when energy is converted
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What is the energy profile of chem reactions?
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I. Initial state rises to transition state
II. Transition state falls down to the formation of a product |
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2 categories of chem reactions
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I. Exergonic Reaction
II. Endergonic Reactions |
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Describe Exergonic reactions
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-breakdown of matter
-release energy because product has less energy than initial state reactants -catabolic |
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Describe Endergonic reactions
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-formation of matter
-take in energy because products have more energy than reactants -anabolic |
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What is metabolic?
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anabolic+catabolic
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How do energonic reactions get energy?
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Exergonic reactions couple up with endergonic reactions and give them energy
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What are enzymes?
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biological catalysts
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What are substrates?
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Substances enzymes act upon
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Define active site of an enzyme
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site where substrates bind
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Define activation energy
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Energy needed to push reactions over the transition state
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How do enzymes help reaction?
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Enzymes lower activation energy
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Two ways enzymes lower activation energy
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I. Bring substrates together in the right way
II. Strain bonds in substrates to form new bonds |
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Two ways enzymes are inhibited
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I. Competitive inhibition
II. Noncompetitive inhibition |
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Define competitive inhibition
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Compete with substrate to bind with active site
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Define noncompetitive inhibition
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Bind at Allosteric sites which block the active site
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Define metabolic pathways
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Linked chains of chem reactions
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How do metabolic pathways work?
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Products of the first reaction become reactants of the second reaction
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Why do cells use metabolic pathways?
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I.smaller step=smaller inputs of energy
II. Allow opportunities to regulate pathways |
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A+B->C+D->E+F->G+H
I. A+B II. C+D III. G+H |
I. initial reactants
II. intermediates III. end product |
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How is the metabolic pathway completed?
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End product sends and inhibitor to the first enzyme when it has enough product
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What is ATP used for?
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Major energy source
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How is energy released?
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ATP->ADP+P
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How is ATP renewed?
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ADP+P->ATP
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What are three energy carriers?
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I. NAD+
II. NADP III. FAD |
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What do energy carriers mediate?
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Redox reactions
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Describe oxidation
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-Loss of electrons
-lower energry level |
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Describe reduction
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-gain of electron
-higher energy level |
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Reduction of energy carriers
I. NAD+ II. NADP+ III. FAD |
I. NADH
II. NADPH III. FADH2 |
