Bio 111 Integumentary

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Integumentary function

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◦Prevents dehydration

◦Prevents bacterial & viral infection (chemical & physical barrier)

◦Regulates body temperature

◦Vitamin D synthesis (Needed to absorb calcium in the digestive tract)

◦Blood reservoir (Blood can be shunted to other organs in need e.g. skeletal muscles)

◦Excretion – Water, salt, ammonia, urea, and uric acid are excreted in sweat

◦Sensation

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Skin

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Is a waterproof, stretchable, Auto-repairing, coat that lasts a lifetime

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Nails

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Hard keratinized protein

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Hair

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Composed of Keratinized protein secreted by cells

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Epidermis

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Superficial thinner portion composed of stratified squamous epithelium (replenished ~25-45 days)

◦ Five layers (From top to bottom)

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Stratum corneum

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◦Protect skin from abrasion and penetration

◦Glycolipids provide waterproofing

◦40 lbs shed in a lifetime

◦Too far from blood vessels for diffusion so cells die

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Stratum lucidum

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◦Clear layer

◦Only a few cell layers thick

◦Found only in thick skin

◦Palms of hands

◦Fingertips

◦Soles of feet

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Stratum granulosum

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◦(Granular layer)

◦3-5 cell layers thick

◦KERATINOCYTES –keratin producing cells

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Stratum spinosum

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◦Prickly layer

◦Langerhan’s cells abundant in this layer (macrophage)

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Dermis

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oThe second, deeper part of the skinoDermal Structures:oAdipose cells (Fat cells)ohair folliclesoNerves endings oGlandsoPigment cells

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Whiteheads

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occurs whenduct is blocked byaccumulated sebum andstaphylococcus infectionbegin.

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Sebaceous glands

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•Located all over bodyexcept palms and soles.

•Secrete sebum whichlubricates and softenshair and skin, preventswater loss, and hasbactericidal properties

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Blackheads

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whenwhitehead oxidizes and driesout

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Sudoriferous glands

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Exists all over the skin except nipples and part of external genetilia. Has two types

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Apocrine

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Sweat glands in the:

•areola

•nipples of the breast,

•armpit

•ear

•some parts of the external

genitalia

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Apocrine

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Secreted into hair follicles beginning at puberty

Contains true sweat, lipids, and proteins and appears viscous with a white/yellow hue

odorless upon secretion, but bacteria decompose molecules forming body odor

Increase of secretions during pain, stress, or sex

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Ceruminous glands

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Found in the external ear canal

Secretes cerumen or ear wax which deters insects and blocks entry of foreign material

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Mammary gland

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modified apocrine glands which secrete milk

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Ecrine glandx

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Most abundant sweat gland

covers most of the body

99% water, remaining solutes are sodium chloride, vitamin C, urea, uric acid, ammonia, and lactic acid (which attracts mosquitoes)

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Hair

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A keratin based structure that grows from follicles found in the dermis and extend up to the epidermis

Found all over body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and genitalia

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Body hair

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main function is to detect insects before they bite or sting

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Function of hair

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◦Hair on the scalp prevents heat loss, UV protection, and protects against trauma

◦Eyelashes shield eyes from foreign particles

◦Nose hair filters air entering respiratory passages

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Goosebumps

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Trap air close to skin for warmth

Make us appear larger to predators

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Meissner’s corpuscles

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Light touch

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Pacinian corpuscles

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Deep pressure

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Bare nerve endings

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pain heat cold

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Nails

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◦Analogous to hooves or claws of other animals

◦protecting the fingertip and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries

◦serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger.