Bio 110 Lab Anatomical Terms And Frog External Anatomy

Front 1

Bilateral symmetry

Back 1

1 plane of symmetry

Mirror image

Front 2

Dorsal vs. Ventral

Back 2

Dorsal: facing sky

Ventral: facing ground

Front 3

Anterior vs. Posterior

Back 3

Anterior: front

Posterior: back

Front 4

Cephalad vs. Caudad

Back 4

Cephalad: Near head

Caudad: Near tail

Front 5

Proximal vs. Distal

Back 5

Proximal: closer to reference point

Distal: farther from reference point

Reference point does not have to be center of mass

Front 6

Why frog?

Back 6

Easy to work with

Anatomy easy to see

Front 7

Frog skin description

Back 7

Smooth and moist: amphibian

Darker on dorsal than ventral side

Front 8

Countershading

Back 8

Form of camouflage

Front 9

Frog appendages

Back 9

Two forelegs

Two hind legs

Front 10

Adaptations of frog toes

Back 10

Four on forelegs

Five on hind legs

Has webbing, which helps it swim in water

Longer hind legs help it jump on land

Front 11

Detemining sex

Back 11

Female:

- larger, at least 7 in/18 cm (tip of mouth to end of backbone)

- tympanic membrane same size as eyes

- slender thumb

Male:

- tympanic membrane larger than eyes

- vocal sacs

- nupital pad: enlarged thumb that helps males cling to females during amplexus

Front 12

Parts of head of frog

Back 12

- External nares/nostrils: two slotted openings near mouth

- Eyes: posterior to nares, two large bulging eyes

- Three eyelids

- Tympanic membrane: round, flat structure behind eye used for hearing similar to eardrums

Front 13

Functions of three eyelids of frog

Back 13

One pair opens and closes to protect eyes on land

Third

- Transparent membrane that protects eyes while swimming

- Becomes cloudy during dissection, preventing seeing features of eyes

Front 14

Jaws of frog become [1] when frog is prepared for dissection and must be forced open with a [2]

Back 14

Set

Blunt probe

Front 15

Process of opening frog jaw

Back 15

1. Force open with blunt probe

2. Insert finger

3. Cut corners with scissors until jaw lets loose

4. Pull up on lower jaw to open mouth

Front 16

Description of frog tongue

Back 16

Split in the middle

Can be stretched far and rapidly

Attached to front of mouth

Front 17

Internal nares

Back 17

Part of nares that open into mouth cavity

Front 18

Frog teeth

Back 18

Designed to hold prey while frog eats

Bullfrog has teeth on upper jaw and between internal nares

Front 19

Functions and attachment organs of Eustachian tubes

Back 19

Openings on side of mouth, near back of throat

Equalize pressure in frog's ears while it is swimming

- Esophagus (stomach) begins in between

- Glottis (trachea, lungs) is below esophagus

- Epiglottis closes trachea when frog swallows

Front 20

Parotid gland

Back 20

Poison gland

Contains bufotoxin, shot out when frog is under duress

Bufotoxin can cause serious illness or kill animals

Front 21

Frog digits

Back 21

Four on forelimbs, five on hind limbs

Hind limb digits have webbing for swimming

Front 22

Pes and manus

Back 22

Flat padding on bottom of hind and forelimbs

Support and absorb impact during landing

Pes musculature: for underwater movement; manus flexion: for substrate grasp

Front 23

Frog eye

Back 23

Cannot perform saccadic (rapid shift in center of gaze) movements or tracking movements

Must decide if object is prey before going after it